BIOTHERMO

(1) HUKUM PENDINGINAN NEWTON

(Newton’s Law of Cooling)
(2) Total TRANSFER HEAT
(3) TERMODINAMIKA: Metabolisme
(2) HUKUM PENDINGINAN NEWTON (Newton’s Law of Cooling)

Temperature Change
An object’s temperature over time will approach the T0
temperature of its surroundings (the medium) This change is a form
of exponential decay
The greater the difference between the object’s
temperature and the medium’s temperature, the
Tm
greater the rate of change of the object’s temperature

The rate at which an object cools is proportional

to the difference in temperature between the
object and the surrounding medium:

or

T is temperature of the object,

k is a proportionality constant,
M is the temperature of the medium / surrounding
t is time
http://www.markedbyteachers.com/university-degree/mathematical-and-computer-sciences/newton-s-cooling-law-application.html
(2) HUKUM PENDINGINAN NEWTON (penurunan rumus)

changing back to T, we get

where k will always be negative

(from decay)

y(t) = Cekt To see the significance of the constant C, we observe that

y(t) = C(kekt) = k(Cekt) = ky(t) y(0) = Cek  0 = C

dy/dt = ky must be of the form y = Cekt

(2) HUKUM PENDINGINAN NEWTON

A body cools from 80°C to 50°C in 5

minute. Calculate the time it takes to cool
from 60°C to 30°C. The temperature of
the surrondings is 20°C.
(2) HUKUM PENDINGINAN NEWTON
Suppose the time of the
temperature observed for the
second time is t2

So the time of death is

09.45 – 04.34 =
05.11 PM
Then we subtracting 4,57 hours from 09.45,
before that we need to convert 4,57 hours
in x hours and y minutes
(2) HUKUM PENDINGINAN NEWTON
 Fourier's Law of Conduction is typically
used for thermal conduction calculations
q = the rate of conduction heat transfer in Btu/hr,
k = thermal conductivity of the material through which thermal
conduction is taking place, in Btu/hr,
A = area perpendicular to heat flow, ft2,
ΔT = the temperature difference that is driving the heat
transfer, oF,
L = the distance through which conduction heat transfer is taking
place, ft.
and

Newton's Law of Cooling is used for

thermal convection calculations.
q = the rate of convection heat transfer in Btu/hr,
h = the convection heat transfer coefficient in But/hr-ft2-oF,
A = the area perpendicular to heat flow in ft2,
ΔT = the temperature difference which is driving the convective
heat transfer in oF.
(2) HUKUM PENDINGINAN NEWTON (Newton’s Law of Cooling)

qs  Ts  T 

qs  h(Ts  T )

h
f
(
g m
p
,
T)
q s = surface flux
Ts = surface temperature Apply Fourier’s law
 T ( x ,0, z )
qs   k
h is heat transfer coefficient
y
Combine
T ( x ,0, z )
y
h  k
Ts  T 

Temperature distribution in needed to determine h

(2) MEKANISME PERTUKARAN KALOR - konveksi

Ts q s Convection Heat Transfer


Examine thermal interaction between a surface and an adjacent
V moving fluid
T * Surface temperature is too high. How to reduce it?
(1) Use a fan
(2) Change the fluid
(3) Increase surface area

 
Focal Point in Convection Heat Transfer

F ig. 1. 1
Determination of temperature
distribution in a moving fluid
T  T ( x, y, z , t )
(2) MEKANISME PERTUKARAN KALOR
Fourier’s Law of Conduction
A (T  T )
Ts q si so
o
Ts i
x
L
A A (Tsi  Tso )
qx x qx  k k = thermal conductivity
d L

 Reformulate to relax restrictions. Consider element dx

0 x
L T ( x )  T ( x + dx ) T ( x + dx )  T ( x )
q =k A
x
=k A
Fig. 1.2 dx dx
· Valid for: dT
(1) steady state qx  Heat flux qx =  k A
(2) constant k
(3) one-dimensional conduction
dx
qx

qx 
Generalize (1): A
dT
T T T qx   k (1)
q x   k , q y   k , q z   k dx
x y z
https://www.brighthubengineering.com/hvac/62074-combined-thermal-conduction-and-convection-heat-transfer-calculations/
(2) MEKANISME PERTUKARAN KALOR
 Human Metabolism
 Application of thermodynamics to living organisms
• Animals do work and give off energy by heat, and this lead us to
believe the first law of thermodynamics can be applied to living
organisms.
• Let’s apply the first law in terms of the time rates of change of U,
Q, and W.
On average, energy Q flows out of the body, and
U Q W
  work is done by the body on its surroundings:
t t t Q/t and W/t are negative. U/t is negative

• Without supply of energy, the internal energy and the body

temperature would decrease. But in reality, all animals acquire
internal energy (chemical potential energy) by eating and breathing.

• Overall the energy from oxidation of food ultimately supplies the work
done by the body and energy lost from the body by heat. From this
point of view, U/t is the rate at which internal energy is added to
our bodies by food, which balances the rate of energy loss by heat
and work.
 Human Metabolism
 Measuring the metabolic rate
• The metabolic rate U/t is the rate at which chemical potential
energy in food and oxygen are transformed into internal energy to
balance the body losses of internal energy by work and heat.

• The metabolic rate U/t is directly proportional to the rate of oxygen

consumption by volume.

U VO2 For an average diet, the consumption of one

 4.8 liter of oxygen releases 4.8 kcal or 20 kJ of
t t energy.

L/s
 Human Metabolism
 Metabolic rate, activity, and weight gain
• Table below summarizes the measured rate of oxygen consumption
in mL/(min kg) and the calculated metabolic rate for 65-kg male
engaged in various activities.
 Human Metabolism
 Physical fitness and efficiency of the human body as a
machine
• One measure of a person’s physical fitness is his or her maximum
capacity to use or consume oxygen. Table below gives some idea
how well a person fit.
• The body’s efficiency e is defined as the
ratio of the mechanical power supplied by
a human to the metabolic rate:
W
t
e
U
t
 Human Metabolism
 Example 12.17 : Fighting fat

• In the course of 24 hours, a65-kg person spends 8 h at a desk

puttering around the house, 1h jogging 5 miles, 5 h in moderate
activity, and 8 h sleeping. What is the change in her internal energy
during this period?

U   Pi ti  (200 kcal/h)(10 h)  (5 mi/h)(120 kcal/mi)(1 h)

 (400 kcal/h)(5 h)  (70 kcal/h)(8 h)
 5000 kcal
 Metabolism involves two kinds
of activities that go on at the
same time - the building up of
body tissues and for energy and
the breaking down of body
tissues to generate more fuel
for body functions.

BMR (Basal Metabolic Rate) is a measure of the rate at which a

person's body "burns" energy, in the form of calories, while at rest.
Ex: A person with a low BMR (who burns fewer calories while at rest) will gain more pounds of
body fat over time, compared to a similar-sized person with an average BMR who eats the
same amount of food and gets the same amount of exercise
 Energy to Support Basal Metabolism
TEE BEE = Basal Energy Expenditure
(Calculated from BMR = Basal Metabolic Rate)
Measured in standard state (no food/exercise for 12
hours; measurement taken right after waking, resting
TEF at a comfortable temperature)

REE/RMR = Resting Energy Expenditure or

Total Daily Energy Expenditure (kcals)

Resting Metabolic Rate: Remember:

similar numbers
(not standard state) BMR is measured 12 hours
after any physical exercise and
in a fasted state.

Energy to Support Physical Activity

BEE TEE = Thermic Effect of Exercise

Energy Needed to Process Food

TEF = Thermic Effect of Food

Energy Metabolism
All processes involved in the production, storage, and use of energy