Method of Least Work: University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

Method of Least Work
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

Method of Least Work / Castigliano’s Second Theorem
• Force Method
• Compatibility equations are established by using the
Castigliano’s second theorem, instead of by deflection
superposition as in method of consistent deformations.
• Let us consider a statically indeterminate beam with
unyielding supports subjected to an external loading w.
C
A B
2

w
C
A B
By
• Suppose that we select the vertical reaction By at the

interior support B to be the redundant.
• By treating the redundant as an unknown load applied to
the beam along with the prescribed loading w, an
expression for the strain energy can be written in terms
of known load w and the unknown redundant By as
U  f w, B y 
3
• Above equation indicates symbolically that the strain

energy for the beam is expressed as a function of the
known external load w and the unknown redundant By.
Castigliano’s second theorem
“The partial derivative of the strain energy with respect

to a force equals the deflection of the point of the
application of the force along its line of action”.
4
• Since the deflection at the point of application of the

redundant By is zero, by applying the Castigliano’s second
theorem, we can write
U
0
By
• It should be realize that this equation represents the
compatibility equation in the direction of redundant By,
and it can be solved for the redundant.
• This equation states that the first partial derivative of the
strain energy with respect to the redundant must be
equal to zero.
5
• This implies that for the value of the redundant that

satisfies the equations of equilibrium and compatibility,
the strain energy of the structure is a minimum or
maximum.
• Since for a linearly elastic structure, there is no maximum

value of strain energy, because it can be increased
indefinitely by increasing the value of the redundant, we
conclude that for the true value of the redundant the
strain energy must be a minimum.
6
• This conclusion is known as Principle of Least Work.
“The magnitudes of the redundants of a statically

indeterminate structure must be such that the strain
energy stored in the structure is a minimum (i.e., the
internal work done is the least).”
7
• If a structure is indeterminate to the nth degree, the n

redundants are selected, and the strain energy for the
structure is expressed in terms of the known external
loading and the n unknown redundants as
U  f w, R1 , R2 , R3 ,...., Rn 
in which w represents all the known loads and R1, R2,…,

Rn denote the n redundants.
8
• Next, the principle of least work is applied separately for

each redundant by partially differentiating the strain
energy expressions with respect to each of the
redundants and by setting each partial derivative equal
to zero; that is,
U U U
 0,  0,  , 0
R1 R2 Rn
which represents a system of n simultaneous equations

in terms of n redundants and can be solved for the
redundants.
9
• The strain energy of a beam subjected only to bending

can be expressed as
L M2
U  dx (1)
0 2 EI
• According to the principle of least work, the partial

derivative of strain energy with respect to By must be
zero; that is,
U L M M
 dx  0 (2)
By 0 B EI
y
10
Example 1
Determine the reactions for the beam shown in Fig., by
the method of least work. EI is constant.
1.6 k/ft
A B
30 ft
11
Solution
1.6 k/ft
Ax B
A
MA
Ay By
30 ft
• The beam is supported by four reactions, so its degree of

indeterminacy is equal to 1.
• The vertical reaction By, at the roller support B, is
selected as the redundant.
12
Solution
1.6 k/ft
Ax B
A
MA
Ay By
30 ft
• We will evaluate the magnitude of the redundant by

minimizing the strain energy of the beam with respect to
By.
• The strain energy of a beam subjected only to bending
can be expressed as
2
L M
U  dx (1)
0 2 EI
13
Solution
L M2
U  dx (1)
0 2 EI
• According to the principle of least work, the partial

derivative of strain energy with respect to By must be
zero; that is,
U L M M
 dx  0 (2)
By 0 B EI
y
• Using the x coordinate shown in Fig, we write the

equation for bending moment, M, in terms of By, as
14
1.6 k/ft
Solution
Ax B
A
MA
Ay By
x
30 ft
1.6 x 2
M  B y ( x) 
2
• Next, we partially differentiate the expression for M w.r.t
By to obtain
M
x
By
15
Solution
• By substituting the expression for M and ∂M/∂By into Eq.

(2), we write
U L M M
 dx  0 (2)
By 0 B EI
 
y
1  30 0
  2
x B x 0.8 x dx
EI 
 0
y  M
x M  B y ( x) 
1.6 x 2
,
By 2
By integrating we, obtain
9,000 By  162,000  0
By  18 k 
16
1.6 k/ft
Solution
Ax B
A
MA
Ay By = 18 k
• To determine the remaining reactions of the

indeterminate beam, we apply the equations of
equilibrium
   Fx  0 Ax  0 ANS
   Fy  0 Ay 1.630  18  0 Ay  30 k  ANS
 MA  0 M A 1.63015  1830  0 M A  180 k  ft ANS
17
Solution
1.6 k/ft
Ax = 0 B
A
MA = 180 k-ft
Ay = 30 k By = 18 k
30 k
Shear Diagram
18 k
101.3 k-ft
Moment Diagram
180 k-ft
18
Example 2
Determine the reactions for the two-span continuous
beam shown in Fig., by the method of least work. EI is
constant.
80 kN
30 kN/m
B
D
A C
10 m 5m 5m
19
Solution
80 kN
30 kN/m
B
Ax D
A C
Ay By Dy
• The beam is supported by four reactions. Since there are

only three equilibrium equations, the degree of
indeterminacy of the beam is equal to 1.
• Let us select the reaction By to be the redundant.
20
Solution
80 kN
30 kN/m
B
Ax D
A C
Ay By Dy
• The magnitude of the redundant will be determined by

By.
• The strain energy of a beam subjected only to bending is
L M2
U  dx (1)
0 2 EI 21
Solution 80 kN
30 kN/m
B
Ax D
A C
Ay By Dy
• According to the Principle of Least Work.

U L M M
 dx  0 (2)
By 0 B EI
y
• Before we can obtain the equations for bending
moments, M, we must express the reactions at the
supports A and D of the beam in terms of the redundant
By.
22
Solution 80 kN
30 kN/m
B
Ax = 0 D
A C
Ay = 245 - 0.5By By Dy = 135 - 0.5By
• Applying the three equilibrium equations, we write

   Fx  0 Ax  0 ANS
 MD  0
 Ay 20  301015  By 10  805  0 Ay  245  0.5By 3
   Fy  0
245  0.5B   3010  B
y y  80  Dy  0 Dy  135  0.5B y 4
23
Solution 80 kN
30 kN/m
B
Ax = 0 D
A C
Ay = 245 - 0.5By By Dy = 135 - 0.5By
10 m 5m 5m
• To determine the equations for bending moments, M,
the beam is divided into three segments, AB, BC, and CD.
• The x coordinates used for determining the equations are
shown in Figure.
• The bending moment equations , in terms of By, are
tabulated in Table on next slide.
24
Solution 80 kN
30 kN/m
B
Ax = 0 D
A C
x
Ay = 245 - 0.5By By Dy = 135 - 0.5By
10 m 5m 5m
Segment Origin Limits M ∂M/∂By

AB A 0 – 10 (245 – 0.5By)x – 15x2 -0.5x
25
Solution 80 kN
30 kN/m
B
Ax = 0 D
A C
x
Ay = 245 - 0.5By By Dy = 135 - 0.5By
10 m 5m 5m

AB A 0 – 10 (245 – 0.5By)x – 15x2 -0.5x
DC D 0–5 (135 – 0.5By)x -0.5x
26
Solution 80 kN
30 kN/m
B
Ax = 0 D
A C
x
Ay = 245 - 0.5By By Dy = 135 - 0.5By
10 m 5m 5m

AB A 0 – 10 (245 – 0.5By)x – 15x2 -0.5x
DC D 0–5 (135 – 0.5By)x -0.5x
CB D 5 – 10 (135 – 0.5By)x – 80(x -5) -0.5x
27
Solution
• By substituting the expressions for M and ∂M/∂By into
Eq. (2), we write
1
EI 0 
10
 0.5 x 245 x  0.5 B y x  15 x 2
dx 
  0.5x 135x  0.5B x dx 
1 5
y
EI 0
  0.5x 55x  0.5B x  400dx  0

1 10
y
EI 5
• By integrating, we obtain
 40,416.667  166.667By  0  By  242.5 kN  ANS
28
Solution
• By substituting the value of By into Eqs. (3) and (4),
respectively, we determine the vertical reactions at
supports A and D.
Ay  123.75 kN  ANS
Dy  13.75 kN  ANS
80 kN
30 kN/m
B
Ax = 0 D
A C
Ay = 123.75 kN By = 242.5 kN Dy = 13.75 kN

29
80 kN
Solution 30 kN/m
B
Ax = 0 D
A C
Ay = 123.75 kN By = 242.5 kN Dy = 13.75 kN
123.75 kN 66.25 kN
Shear Diagram
13.75 kN
176.25 kN
255.2 kN-m
68.8 kN-m Moment Diagram
262.5 kN-m 30
Example 3
Determine the reactions for the beam shown in Fig., by
5 kN 30 kN
B
A D
C
2m 4m 4m
31
Solution
The beam is supported by four reactions. The equations
of equilibrium is three, so the beam is indeterminate to
the first degree.
5 kN 30 kN
B D
A Dx
C
MD
By
Dy
• Let us select the reaction By to be the redundant.

32
Solution 5 kN 30 kN
B D
A Dx
C
MD
By
Dy
• The magnitude of the redundant will be determined by

By.
• The strain energy of a beam subjected only to bending is
L M2
U  dx (1)
0 2 EI
33
Solution 5 kN 30 kN
B D
A Dx
C
MD
By
Dy
• According to the Principle of Least Work.

U L M M
 dx  0 (2)
By 0 B EI
y
• To determine the equations for bending moments, M,
the beam is divided into three segments, AB, BC, and CD.
• The x coordinates used for determining the equations are
shown in Figure on next slide.
34
Solution
tabulated in Table.
5 kN 30 kN
B D
A Dx
C
x MD
By
Dy
2m

AB A 0–2 -5x 0
35
Solution
tabulated in Table.
5 kN 30 kN
B D
A Dx
C
x MD
By
Dy
2m 4m

AB A 0–2 -5x 0
BC A 2–6 -5x + By(x-2) x-2
36
Solution
tabulated in Table.
5 kN 30 kN
B D
A Dx
C
x MD
By
Dy
2m 4m 4m

AB A 0–2 -5x 0
BC A 2–6 -5x + By(x-2) x-2
CD A 6 – 10 -5x + By(x-2) – 30(x-6) x-2
37
Solution
• By substituting the expressions for M and ∂M/∂By into
Eq. (2), we write
U L M M
 dx  0 (2)
By 0 By EI
 5 x 0dx    5 x  B x  2x  2dx 

1 2 1 6
EI  0 EI 2
y
  5 x  B x  2  30x  6x  2dx  0

1 10
y
EI 6
• By integrating, we obtain
 2773.327  170.66By  0  By  16.25 kN  ANS
38
Solution
• By using the equations of equilibrium, the remaining
reactions are find as
Dy  18.8 kN  ANS
Dx  0 ANS
M D  40 kN  m ANS
5 kN 30 kN
MD = 40 kN-m
B D
A Dx = 0
C
By = 16.25 kN
Dy = 18.8 kN
39
5 kN 30 kN
Solution
MD = 40 kN-m
B D
A Dx = 0
C
By = 16.20 kN
Dy = 18.8 kN
11.2
Shear Diagram
-5
-18.8
35
Moment Diagram
-10
-40
40
Example 4
Determine the reactions for the frame shown in Fig., by
5m 5m
40 kN
B D
5m
41
Solution
The structure is indeterminate to the 2nd degree. It has

two redundant reactions.
40 kN
B D
HD
C
MD
VD
R2 A
R1
42
Solution
Let us choose R1 and R2, the reactions at A, to be the

redundants.
40 kN
B D
HD
C
MD
VD
R2 A
R1
43
40 kN
Solution B D
HD
C
MD
VD
R2 A
R1
According to the principle of least work
U L M M
 dx  0 (1)
R1 0 R1 EI
U L M M
 dx  0 (2)
R2 0 R2 EI 44
40 kN
Solution B D
HD
C
MD
VD
R2 A
R1
The expressions for moment and its derivative needed to

solve Eq. (1) & (2) are listed in the table on next slide.
45
Solution 40 kN
B D
HD
C
MD
VD
5m
R2 A
R1
Segment Origin Limits M ∂M/∂R1 ∂M/∂R2

AB A 0–5 - R2x 0 -x
46
Solution 40 kN
B D
HD
C
x MD
VD
5m
5m
R2 A
R1

AB A 0–5 - R2x 0 -x
BC B 0–5 R1x - 5R2 x -5
47
Solution 40 kN
B D
HD
C
x MD
VD
5m 5m
5m
R2 A
R1

AB A 0–5 - R2x 0 -x
BC B 0–5 R1x - 5R2 x -5
CD B 5 – 10 R1x - 5R2 – 40x + 200 x -5
48
Solution
Substitute these values into Eq. (1) & (2).
U L M M U L M M
 dx  0 (1),  dx  0 (2)
R1 0 R1 EI R2 0 R2 EI
AB A 0–5 - R2x 0 -x
BC B 0–5 R1x - 5R2 x -5
CD B 5 – 10 R1x - 5R2 – 40x + 200 x -5
 R x   
5 10
1
2
 5R2 x dx   R1 x 2  5R2 x  40 x 2  200 x dx  0
0 5
R2 x dx    5R1 x  25R2 dx    5R1 x  25R2  200 x  1000dx  0

5 5 10

2
0 0 5
49
Solution
From which
333R1  250 R2  4167  0
 250 R1  292 R2  2500  0
and
R1  17.0 kN ANS
R2  6.0 kN ANS
50
Solution
5m 5m
40 kN
MD = 60 kN-m
B D
HD = 6 kN
C
VD = 23 kN
5m
R2 = 6 kN A
R1 = 17 kN
51
40 kN
MD = 60 kN-m
Solution B D
HD = 6 kN
C
VD = 23 kN
R2 = 6 kN A
R1 = 17 kN
17
-23
Shear Diagram
52
-6
40 kN
MD = 60 kN-m
Solution B D
HD = 6 kN
C
VD = 23 kN
R2 = 6 kN A
R1 = 17 kN 55
-30
-60
Moment Diagram
53
Example 5
10 kN
B C
E
2m
10 kN
F
2m
A D
1.5 m 1.5 m
54
Solution
The structure is indeterminate to the first degree. It has
single redundant reaction.
10 kN
B C
E
10 kN
F
MA
HA A D
VA
R1 55
Solution
Let us choose R1, the reaction at D, to be the redundant.
10 kN
B C
E
10 kN
F
MA
HA A D
VA
R1 56
10 kN
Solution
B C
E
10 kN
F
MA
HA A D
VA
R1
According to the principle of least work

U L M M
 dx  0 (1)
R1 0 R1 EI 57
10 kN
Solution
B C
E
10 kN
F 4m
MA x
HA A D
VA
R1
Segment Origin Limits M ∂M/∂R1

DC D 0–4 0 0
58
10 kN
Solution 1.5 m
B C
E
x
10 kN
F 4m
MA
HA A D
VA
R1

DC D 0–4 0 0
CE C 0 – 1.5 R1.x x
59
10 kN
Solution 1.5 m 1.5 m
B C
E
x
10 kN
F 4m
MA
HA A D
VA
R1

DC D 0–4 0 0
CE C 0 – 1.5 R1.x x
EB C 1.5 – 3 R1.x – 10(x - 1.5) x
60
10 kN
B C
E
x
2m
10 kN
F 4m
MA
HA A D
VA
R1
DC D 0–4 0 0
CE C 0 – 1.5 R1.x x
EB C 1.5 – 3 R1.x – 10(x - 1.5) x
61
BF B 0–2 3R1 – 10(1.5) 3
10 kN
B C
E
2m
10 kN
F 4m
x
2m
MA
HA A D
VA R1
DC D 0–4 0 0
CE C 0 – 1.5 R1.x x
EB C 1.5 – 3 R1.x – 10(x - 1.5) x
BF B 0–2 3R1 – 10(1.5) 3
62
FA F 0–2 3R1 – 10(1.5) – 10x 3
Solution
DC D 0–4 0 0
CE C 0 – 1.5 R1.x x
EB C 1.5 – 3 R1.x – 10(x - 1.5) x
BF B 0–2 3R1 – 10(1.5) 3
FA F 0–2 3R1 – 10(1.5) – 10x 3
1 1
   1
  1
 9R  45  30 x dx  0
1.5 3.0 2 2
 R1 x dx  1.5 1    0 1  
2
R 10 x 15 xdx 9 R 45 dx 1
EI 0 EI EI EI 0
R1  5.958 kN  6 kN
63
Solution
10 kN
B C
E
10 kN
F
17.1 kN-m
10 kN A D
4 Axial Force Diagram 6
4 kN
R1 = 6 kN
64
Solution
10 kN
B C 4
E
6
10 kN
F
17.1 kN-m
10 kN A D
10 Shear Force Diagram
VA = 4 kN
R1 = 6 kN
65
Solution
10 kN 8.9
B C 2.9
E
10 kN
F 2.9
17.1 kN-m
10 kN A D -17.1
Bending Moment Diagram
VA = 4 kN
R1 = 6 kN
66
Example 6
10 kN
B C
E
2m
10 kN
F
2m
A D
1.5 m 1.5 m
67
Solution
The structure is indeterminate to the second degree. It
has two redundant reactions.
10 kN
B C
E
10 kN
F
MA
A D
HA R2
VA
R1 68
Solution
Let us choose R1, R2, the reaction at D, to be the
redundant.
10 kN
B C
E
10 kN
F
MA
A D
HA R2
VA
R1 69
Solution
According to the Principle of Least Work
10 kN
B C
U L M M E
 dx  0
R1 0 R1 EI
10 kN
U L M M F
 dx  0
R2 0 R2 EI
MA
A D
HA R2
VA
R1
70
10 kN
Solution
B C
E
10 kN
F 4m
MA x
D
HA A R2
VA
R1

DC D 0–4 -R2.x 0 -x
71
10 kN
Solution 1.5 m
B C
E
x
10 kN
F 4m
MA
D
HA A R2
VA
R1

DC D 0–4 -R2.x 0 -x
CE C 0 – 1.5 -4R2 + R1.x x -4
72
10 kN
B C
E
x
10 kN
F 4m
MA
D
HA A R2
VA R1
DC D 0–4 -R2.x 0 -x
CE C 0 – 1.5 -4R2 + R1.x x -4
EB C 1.5 – 3.0 -4R2 + R1.x -10(x-1.5) x -4
73
10 kN
B C
E
10 kN
F 4m
x
MA =35 - 3R1
D
HA =R2 - 10 A R2
VA = 10 – R1 R1
DC D 0–4 -R2.x 0 -x
CE C 0 – 1.5 -4R2 + R1.x x -4
EB C 1.5 – 3.0 -4R2 + R1.x -10(x-1.5) x -4
FB A 2–4 -35 + 3R1 – (R2 – 10)x – 10(x – 2) 3 -x
74
10 kN
B C
E
10 kN
F 4m
MA =35 - 3R1 x
D
HA =R2 - 10 A R2
VA = 10 – R1 R1
DC D 0–4 -R2.x 0 -x
CE C 0 – 1.5 -4R2 + R1.x x -4
EB C 1.5 – 3.0 -4R2 + R1.x -10(x - 1.5) x -4
FB A 2–4 -35 + 3R1 – (R2 – 10)x – 10(x – 2) 3 -x
AF A 0–2 -35 + 3R1 – (R2 – 10)x 3 -x 75
Solution
DC D 0–4 -R2.x 0 -x
CE C 0 – 1.5 -4R2 + R1.x x -4
EB C 1.5 – 3.0 -4R2 + R1.x -10(x - 1.5) x -4
FB A 2–4 -35 + 3R1 – (R2 – 10)x – 10(x – 2) 3 -x
AF A 0–2 -35 + 3R1 – (R2 – 10)x 3 -x
U L M M
 dx  0
R1 0 R1 EI
 4 R2  R1 x xdx  1   4R  R1 x  10x  1.5xdx

1 1.5 3.0
EI 0 EI 1.5
2
1
     1
  35  3R  R  10x 3dx  0
4 2

EI 2  35  3 R1  R2  10 x  10 x  2 3dx 
EI 0
1 2
45R1  42R2  268.125  0

76
Solution
DC D 0–4 -R2.x 0 -x
CE C 0 – 1.5 -4R2 + R1.x x -4
EB C 1.5 – 3.0 -4R2 + R1.x -10(x - 1.5) x -4
FB A 2–4 -35 + 3R1 – (R2 – 10)x – 10(x – 2) 3 -x
AF A 0–2 -35 + 3R1 – (R2 – 10)x 3 -x
U L M M
 dx  0
R2 0 R2 EI
1
0  R2 x  x dx 
1
   1
 4 R2  R1 x  10x  1.5 4dx
4 1.5 3.0
EI EI 0  4 R2  R1 x  4 dx 
EI 1. 5
2  35  3R1  R2  10x  10x  2 x dx    35  3R  R  10x  x dx  0

1 4 1 2
 1 2
EI EI 0
 42R1  90.67R2  178.33  0

77
Solution
45R1  42R2  268.125  0

 42R1  90.67R2  178.33  0
solving simultaneously, we have

R1  7.2608  7.30 kN
R2  1.3964  1.4 kN
78
Solution
10 kN
B C
E
10 kN
F
13.2 kN-m
A D
8.6 kN 1. 4 kN
2.7 kN
7.30 kN
79
Solution
10 kN 1.4
B C
E
10 kN
F
13.2 kN-m
A D
8.6 kN 1. 4 kN 2.7 Axial Force Diagram 7.3
2.7 kN
7.30 kN
80
Solution
10 kN 2.7 1.4
B C
E
-7.3
10 kN
F 8.6
-1.4
13.2 kN-m
A D
8.6 kN 1. 4 kN Shear Force Diagram
2.7 kN
7.30 kN
81
Solution
10 kN 5.3
B C 1.194
E -5.6
10 kN 3.983
F
13.2 kN-m
A D -13.2
8.6 kN 1. 4 kN Bending Moment Diagram
2.7 kN
7.30 kN
82
Example 7
10 kN
B C
E
2m
10 kN
F
2m
A D
1.5 m 1.5 m
83
Solution
The structure is indeterminate to the third degree. It has
three redundant reactions.
10 kN
B C
E
2m
10 kN
F
2m R3
MA
A D
HA R2
VA 1.5 m 1.5 m
R1 84
Solution
Let us choose R1, R2, R3, the reaction at D, to be the
redundant.
10 kN
B C
E
2m
10 kN
F
2m R3
MA
A D
HA R2
VA 1.5 m 1.5 m
R1 85
Solution
According to the Principle of Least Work
10 kN
B C
U L M M E
 dx  0
R1 0 R1 EI
10 kN
U L M M F
 dx  0
R2 0 R2 EI R3
MA
A D
HA R2
U M M L
 dx  0
R3 0 R3 EI VA
R1
86
10 kN
Solution
B C
E
10 kN
F 4m
MA x R3
D
HA A R2
VA
R1
Segment Origin Limits M ∂M/∂R1 ∂M/∂R2 ∂M/∂R3

DC D 0–4 -R2.x - R3 0 -x -1
87
10 kN
Solution 1.5 m
B C
E
x
10 kN
F 4m
MA R3
D
HA A R2
VA
R1

DC D 0–4 -R2.x - R3 0 -x -1
CE C 0 – 1.5 R1.x -R2.4 - R3 x -4 -1
88
10 kN
B C
E
x
10 kN
F 4m
MA R3
D
HA A R2
VA
R1

DC D 0–4 -R2.x - R3 0 -x -1
CE C 0 – 1.5 R1.x -R2.4 - R3 x -4 -1
EB C 1.5 – 3.0 R1.x -R2.4 - R3 – 10(x – 1.5) x -4 -1
89
10 kN
B C
E
10 kN
F 4m
x
MA =35 - 3R1 + R3 R3
D
HA =R2 - 10 A R2
VA = 10 – R1
R1
DC D 0–4 -R2.x - R3 0 -x -1
CE C 0 – 1.5 R1.x -R2.4 - R3 x -4 -1
EB C 1.5 – 3.0 R1.x -R2.4 - R3 – 10(x – 1.5) x -4 -1
FB A 2–4 -(R2 –10)x - (+35 - 3R1 + R3) 3 -x -1
90
– 10(x – 2)
10 kN
B C
E
10 kN
F 4m
MA =35 - 3R1 + R3 x R3
D
HA =R2 - 10 A R2
VA = 10 – R1 R1
DC D 0–4 -R2.x - R3 0 -x -1
CE C 0 – 1.5 R1.x -R2.4 - R3 x -4 -1
EB C 1.5 – 3.0 R1.x -R2.4 - R3 – 10(x – 1.5) x -4 -1
FB A 2–4 -(R2 –10)x - (+35 - 3R1 + R3) 3 -x -1
– 10(x – 2)
AF A 0–2 -(R2 –10)x - (+35 - 3R1 + R3) 3 -x -191
Solution
DC D 0–4 -R2.x - R3 0 -x -1
CE C 0 – 1.5 R1.x -R2.4 - R3 x -4 -1
EB C 1.5 – 3.0 R1.x -R2.4 - R3 – 10(x – 1.5) x -4 -1
FB A 2–4 -(R2 –10)x - (+35 - 3R1 + R3) 3 -x -1
– 10(x – 2)
AF A 0–2 -(R2 –10)x - (+35 - 3R1 + R3) 3 -x -1
U L M M
 dx  0
R1 0 R1 EI
R1 x  R2 4  R3 xdx  1  R x  R 4  R  10 x  1.5xdx

1 1.5 3.0
EI 0 EI 1.5
1 2 3
1
      1
  R  10 x  35  3R1  R3 3dx  0
4 2

EI 2 2 R  10 x   35  3 R1  R3  10 x  2 3dx 
EI 0
2
45R1  42R2  16.5R3  268.125  0 (1)

92
Solution
DC D 0–4 -R2.x - R3 0 -x -1
CE C 0 – 1.5 R1.x -R2.4 - R3 x -4 -1
EB C 1.5 – 3.0 R1.x -R2.4 - R3 – 10(x – 1.5) x -4 -1
FB A 2–4 -(R2 –10)x - (+35 - 3R1 + R3) 3 -x -1
– 10(x – 2)
AF A 0–2 -(R2 –10)x - (+35 - 3R1 + R3) 3 -x -1
U L M M
 dx  0
R2 0 R2 EI
1
0  R2 x  R3  x dx 
1
   1
R1 x  R2 4  R3  10x  1.5 4dx
4 1.5 3.0
EI EI 0 R1 x  R2 4  R3  4 dx 
EI 1.5
1
       1
  R  10x  35  3R1  R3  x dx  0
4 2

EI 2 2 R  10 x   35  3 R1  R3  10 x  2  x dx 
EI 0
2
 42R1  90.67 R2  28R3  178.33  0 (2)

93
Solution
DC D 0–4 -R2.x - R3 0 -x -1
CE C 0 – 1.5 R1.x -R2.4 - R3 x -4 -1
EB C 1.5 – 3.0 R1.x -R2.4 - R3 – 10(x – 1.5) x -4 -1
FB A 2–4 -(R2 –10)x - (+35 - 3R1 + R3) 3 -x -1
– 10(x – 2)
AF A 0–2 -(R2 –10)x - (+35 - 3R1 + R3) 3 -x -1
U L M M
 dx  0
R3 0 R3 EI
1
0  R2 x  R3  1dx 
1
   1
R1 x  R2 4  R3  10x  1.5 1dx
4 1.5 3.0
EI EI 0 R1 x  R2 4  R3  1 dx 
EI 1.5
1
       1
  R  10 x  35  3R1  R3  1dx  0
4 2

EI 2 2 R  10 x   35  3 R1  R3  10 x  2  1 dx 
EI 0
2
 16.5R1  28R2  11R3  91.25  0 (3)

94
Solution
45R1  42R2  16.5R3  268.125  0 (1)
 42R1  90.67 R2  28R3  178.33  0 (2)
 16.5R1  28R2  11R3  91.25  0 (3)
By solving simultaneously, we have

R1  6.48 kN  6.50 
R2  2.77 kN  2.80 
R3  5.63 kN  m  5.70 kN  m
95
Solution
10 kN
2.8
B C
E
10 kN
F
9.9 kN-m 5.70 kN-m

D
A
3.5 Axial Force Diagram 6.5
7.2 kN 2.80 kN
3.5 kN 6.50 kN
96
Solution
10 kN
3.5
B C 2.8
E
-6.5
10 kN
F 7.2 -2.8
9.9 kN-m 5.70 kN-m

D
A
7.2 kN 2.80 kN Shear Force Diagram
3.5 kN 6.50 kN
97
Solution
10 kN
4.3
B C
E -1 -5.5
10 kN 4.5
F
9.9 kN-m 5.70 kN-m

D
A -9.9
+5.7
7.2 kN 2.80 kN Bending Moment Diagram
3.5 kN 6.50 kN
98

Method of Least Work: University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

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Method of Least Work

University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

Method of Least Work / Castigliano’s Second Theorem

Method of Least Work / Castigliano’s Second Theorem

• Suppose that we select the vertical reaction By at the

Method of Least Work / Castigliano’s Second Theorem

• Above equation indicates symbolically that the strain

Castigliano’s second theorem

“The partial derivative of the strain energy with respect

Method of Least Work / Castigliano’s Second Theorem

• Since the deflection at the point of application of the

Method of Least Work / Castigliano’s Second Theorem

• This implies that for the value of the redundant that

• Since for a linearly elastic structure, there is no maximum

Method of Least Work / Castigliano’s Second Theorem

• This conclusion is known as Principle of Least Work.

“The magnitudes of the redundants of a statically

Method of Least Work / Castigliano’s Second Theorem

• If a structure is indeterminate to the nth degree, the n

in which w represents all the known loads and R1, R2,…,

Method of Least Work / Castigliano’s Second Theorem

• Next, the principle of least work is applied separately for

which represents a system of n simultaneous equations

Method of Least Work / Castigliano’s Second Theorem

• The strain energy of a beam subjected only to bending

• According to the principle of least work, the partial

• The beam is supported by four reactions, so its degree of

• We will evaluate the magnitude of the redundant by

• According to the principle of least work, the partial

• Using the x coordinate shown in Fig, we write the

• By substituting the expression for M and ∂M/∂By into Eq.

By integrating we, obtain

• To determine the remaining reactions of the

 MA  0 M A 1.63015  1830  0 M A  180 k  ft ANS

• The beam is supported by four reactions. Since there are

• Let us select the reaction By to be the redundant.

• The magnitude of the redundant will be determined by

• According to the Principle of Least Work.

Ay = 245 - 0.5By By Dy = 135 - 0.5By

• Applying the three equilibrium equations, we write

Ay = 245 - 0.5By By Dy = 135 - 0.5By

Segment Origin Limits M ∂M/∂By

Segment Origin Limits M ∂M/∂By

Segment Origin Limits M ∂M/∂By

  0.5x 55x  0.5B x  400dx  0

Ay = 123.75 kN By = 242.5 kN Dy = 13.75 kN

Ay = 123.75 kN By = 242.5 kN Dy = 13.75 kN

• Let us select the reaction By to be the redundant.

• The magnitude of the redundant will be determined by

• According to the Principle of Least Work.

Segment Origin Limits M ∂M/∂By

Segment Origin Limits M ∂M/∂By

Segment Origin Limits M ∂M/∂By

 5 x 0dx    5 x  B x  2x  2dx 

  5 x  B x  2  30x  6x  2dx  0

The structure is indeterminate to the 2nd degree. It has

Let us choose R1 and R2, the reactions at A, to be the

The expressions for moment and its derivative needed to

Segment Origin Limits M ∂M/∂R1 ∂M/∂R2

Segment Origin Limits M ∂M/∂R1 ∂M/∂R2

Segment Origin Limits M ∂M/∂R1 ∂M/∂R2

R2 x dx    5R1 x  25R2 dx    5R1 x  25R2  200 x  1000dx  0

According to the principle of least work