Differential Equations

EXACT ODE
Exact Ordinary Differential Equations
Exact Ordinary Differential Equations

This is called an implicit solution

Exact Ordinary Differential Equations
Exact Ordinary Differential Equations

in this integration, y is to be regarded as a

constant, and k(y) plays the role of a “constant”
of integration.

To determine , we derive 𝜕𝑢/𝜕𝑦 from (6), use (4b) to get dk/dy,

and
Integrate dk/dy to get k.
Exact Ordinary Differential Equations

To determine l(x) , we derive 𝜕𝑢/𝜕𝑥 from (6*), use (4a) to

get dl/dx, and integrate.
Example:
Example:
Example:
 1 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 − 2 𝑑𝑥 = 0
Example: 𝑥 𝑥
Example:  3 y cos x  4 xex  2 x 2 e x dx   3 sin x  3  dy  0
Solution:

𝑀 = 3𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 4𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥
𝑁 = 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 3
𝑢 = න 𝑀𝑑𝑥 = න 3𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 4𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕 3𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 4𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑢 = න 3𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + න 4𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + න2𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝜕𝑀
= 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑢 = 3𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 4 ‫ 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑒𝑥 ׬‬+ 2 ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑁 𝜕 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑢 = න 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = න 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 3 𝑑𝑦 𝑢 = 3𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 3𝑦

=
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑁
= 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝜕𝑥
Integration by parts:
𝐿𝑒𝑡: 𝑢 = 𝑥 න 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 − න𝑒 𝑥 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
න 𝑑𝑣 = න𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 − 2 න𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑣 = 𝑒𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 − 2 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥
𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥
න 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − න𝑒 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
න𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑢 = 3𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 4 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 + 2 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥
𝐿𝑒𝑡: 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 𝑢 = 3𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 4𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 4𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 − 4𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 4𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑢 = 3𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥
න 𝑑𝑣 = න𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝒖 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝟑𝒚 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒆𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝑪
𝑣 = 𝑒𝑥
Exercises: Test for exactness. If exact, solve.

1. 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦
2. 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 = 0

3. sin𝑥cos𝑦𝑑𝑥 + cos𝑥sin𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
4. 2 𝑦 + 1 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2 𝑒 𝑥 − 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Exact ODE: Integrating Factor
 Example:  
ydx  2 xy  e 2 y dx  0

Solution:
 1 
My N  2 xy  e 2 y    2  dy

M   y  
N  2 xy  e 2 y  I .F  e  y 
 
y y x x 1
 dy
 2 dy
1  2y e y
.e
M N
y

x
Not Exact!  e ln| y| . e 2 y
Apply Case 2 to find the integrating factor 1
 e2 y
 1  M N   1 y
Ry      1 2 y 
M  y X  y e2 y
1 I .F 
Ry  2 y
y
e2 y
y
 
ydx  2 xy  e 2 y

dx  0
e2 y
y
 𝑢 = න 𝑀 ∗ 𝑑𝑥 = න𝑒 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑒 2𝑦
1
 1  𝑢 = ‫ ׬ = 𝑦𝑑 ∗ 𝑁 ׬‬2𝑥𝑒 2𝑦 − 𝑦 dy
e 2 y dx   2 xe2 y  2  dy  0 = 𝑥𝑒 2𝑦 − ln | 𝑦|
 y 
1
M *  e2y N *  2 xe2 y 
y
 1 
  2 xe2 y  
M *  e 2 y

  N*
 
y 
y y x x
∴ 𝒙𝒆2𝒚 − 𝐥𝐧 |𝒚| = 𝑪
M * N*
 2e 2 y  2e 2 y
y x
Practice:  
e x dx  e x cot y  2 y csc y dy  0