13.

8 Ga
PURE ENERGY
“Law of conservation of
energy”
Energy can neither be created nor
destroyed; it can only be
transformed from one form to
another.
ENERGY is the
capacity to do
work
 RESOURCES is the
general term referring
to any item which is
used for a specific
purpose
 Philippine Power Situation
Report (2016)
76%

https://www.doe.gov.ph/electric-power/2016-philippine-power-situation-report
 HMMMM....
What do you think
nonrenewable
resources are?

Break it down...

Nonrenewable?
Resource?
 NON-RENEWABLE
SOURCES are available
in limited supplies and
are eventually be
depleted.
NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES

A nonrenewable resource is a natural

resource that cannot be re-made or
re-grown at a scale comparable to its
consumption.
FOSSIL FUELS
Non-Renewable Sources
1. Coal
2. Oil
3. Natural Gas
4. Nuclear
Are fuels
formed by
natural
processes such
as anaerobic
decomposition
of buried dead
organisms
-Because of their organic origin, COAL,
PETROLEUM, and NATURAL GAS are
known as fossil fuels.
- Fossil fuels consist primarily of compounds
of CARBON and HYDROGEN called
HYDROCARBONS.
 COAL (FORMATION AND
TYPES):
•A dark colored ORGANIC rock.
•Formed from dead plants and
other organisms
•CARBONIZATION:
Bacteria consuming buried
plant remains, releasing
methane and carbon dioxide,
leaving only carbon behind.
 “COALIFICATION”

From remain of plants that once grew in

swamps and adjacent forces million of years ago
 FOUR STAGES OF COAL:
PEAT: partial decomposition of plant remains.
Brownish/black in color. (less than 60%)
LIGNITE: brown coal (65 to 70% carbon )
BITUMINOUS: soft coal (70 to 86% carbon)
ANTHRACITE: hardest form of all coals. (86-
96% Pure carbon)
 PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS
(FORMATION AND DEPOSITS):
Petroleum and natural gas are largely made up of
HYDROCARBONS. Petroleum (oil) is LIQUID and natural
gas is a GAS.
When ancient animals were buried in prehistoric OCEANS and
LAKES heat and pressure build up. CHEMICAL changes
eventually convert the remains into PETROLEUM and
NATURAL GAS.
 CATAGENESIS Thermal cracking

KEROGEN (waxy material) – source of petroleum

(50-150 oC) and natural gas ( greater150 oC) made
of methane
How Oil and Gas Migrate
• Starting out from the source rock where
they are formed, hydrocarbon molecules,
which are light, set off on an upward
journey to the surface. They accumulate in
porous rock (sandstone) and are
blocked by impermeable rock, thereby
creating oil and gas deposits.
USES AND SUPPLIES:
CRUDE OIL: unrefined
petroleum
PETROCHEMICALS:
chemicals derived from
petroleum, essential
component of over 3000
products, products
include: tar, wax, and
plastic
Fossil Fuel Power Generation
• Electrical energy generation using steam turbines involves three energy conversions,
extracting thermal energy from the fuel and using it to raise steam, converting the
thermal energy of the steam into kinetic energy in the turbine and using a rotary
generator to convert the turbine's mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Energy is
released when
the nucleus of
an atom splits
apart.
NUCLEAR FISSION:
The SPLITTING of the NUCLEUS of a large
atoms into two or more smaller nuclei. Only
one kind of naturally occurring element can
be used for NUCLEAR FISSION, this
element is URANIUM-235.
1. U-235 is mixed with U-238 and formed
into PELLETS.
2. The uranium is then shaped into rods
called FUEL RODS.
3. Bundles of these FUEL RODS are
bombarded by NEUTRONS.
4. When hit by a neutron, the fuel rod
SPLITS and releases NEUTRONS
AND ENERGY.
5. This starts a CHAIN REACTION and
the split atoms bump into other atoms
causing the fuel rods to get very HOT.
6. Water is pumped around the fuel rods
to ABSORB & CARRY AWAY THE
HEAT.
7. The resulting HOT WATER / STEAM
then is used to turn TURBINES, to
generate ELECTRIC energy.
Nuclear reactions are contained in a
controlled environment called a
NUCLEAR REACTOR.
DRAWBACKS:
•WASTE PRODUCTS,
which give off dangerous
radiation
•the RADIATION can
destroy plants and
animal cells and cause
harmful changes in the
GENETIC MATERIAL of
living cells
NUCLEAR POWER IN NORTH CAROLINA
 HMMMM....
If nonrenewable
resources are resources
that cannot be re-made
at a scale comparable
to its consumption,
what are renewable
resources?
 RENEWABLE
SOURCES can be
repeatedly used
without being depleted.
Nations are looking into the use of
ALTERNATE sources in order to find
safe and RENEWABLE energy
resources.
 RENEWABLE RESOURCES
Renewable resources are
natural resources that can be
replenished in a short period
of time.
● Solar ● Geothermal
● Wind ● Biomass
Water
Tidal
SOLAR

Energy from the

sun.
Why is energy
from the sun
renewable?
Converting solar energy into
electricity

• requires solar collector examples are

concentrated solar power, photovoltaic
or solar cell
 Concentrated solar power system

• Involves mirrors, lenses, and tracking system that focuses

light into a receiver and generates heat.
• The heat is used to generate electricity from conventional
stem-driven turbines
 Basic solar cell system

Solar cell consists of semiconductor (silicon) made

into sheets called wafer. They are treated to form an
electric field-positive on one side and negative on the
other.
 Philippines, being seated near the equator,
catches almost 12 hours of sunlight in a day.
GEOTHERMAL
Energy from
Earth’s heat.

Why is energy
from the heat of
the Earth
renewable?
 GEOTHERMAL
• Internal heat as a.source
• The temperature of Earth gets
warmer as you go deeper towards
the core.
• The rate of change in temp. with
depth is called geothermal
gradient
 GEOTHERMAL
.
• The heat of the earth is manifested
at the surface as volcanic
eruptions, geysers, and hot
springs.
 Ways in Harnessing
GEOTHERMAL Energy
• In cold areas- Water
. heated by hot
volcanic rocks is used for heating
hh interiors, growing vegetables
during winter, aquaculture, &
heating humanmade pools.
 Ways in Harnessing
GEOTHERMAL Energy
• In ancient times. – Romans: hot
springs for heating and for treating
skin diseases.

• Smaller scale in a household using

ambient geothermal system
 Ways in Harnessing
GEOTHERMAL Energy
• Utilizing an active geothermal system in
volcanic. areas.

Geothermal
system
• The largest group of Geothermal power
plant in California, making USA leading
generator of geothermal producer –
(3442 MW) in 2015
• Philippines –
2 nd
largest producer
(1968 MW) generated in 2015.
 Energy from
WIND the wind.

Why is energy
from the wind
renewable?
How wind power harnessed?
• Using mounted turbines attached to towers
with height ranging form 20 to 100m.
• Modern systems – 3 long blades that spin &
cause the turbine to generated electricity

Wind farm-collection of individual wind

turbines
• It is connected to an electric power
transmission network or power grid.
First wind farm in the Philippines
 BIOMASS
Energy from
burning organic
or living matter.
Why is energy
from biomass
renewable?
 BIOMASS
• Also derived recently deceased organisms
(plant,and animals)
• Including fuel
• Wood
• Animal dung
• Agricultural wastes

Examples:
Dendrothermal, alcogas, biogas
 BIOMASS ENERGY –CARBON CYCLE

BIOMASS TAKES CARBON OUT OF THE ATMOSPHERE WHILE

GROWING, AND RETURNS IT AS IT BURNED
WATER or HYDROELECTRIC
Energy from the
flow of water.
Why is energy of
flowing water
renewable?
 ANCIENT TIMES

Water wheels

19th century –hydroelectric power used to

generate electricity called hydroelectricity
SAN ROQUE DAM In Pangasinan

Largest hydroelectric dam in the

Philippines (200m height)
Small-scale hydropower system

Generates 10-30 MW of electricity

 Tidal Power System

(the difference in elevation of the high tide & low

tide)
Maria Christina
Falls, Iligan City
 (PR - CR) x Php 9.84
PR – previous reading
CR – current reading
 SUMMARY
What is
energy?
Resource?
What are the
differences
between
nonrenewable and
renewable
resources?