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Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
12-1 Memory Terminology
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
12-1 Memory Terminology
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
12-1 Memory Terminology
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
12-1 Memory Terminology
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
12-1 Memory Terminology
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
12-1 Memory Terminology
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
12-1 Memory Terminology
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
12-2 General Memory Operation
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
12-2 General Memory Operation
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
12-2 General Memory Operation
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
12-2 General Memory Operation
In general, N address
inputs are required
for a memory with a
capacity of 2N words.
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
12-2 General Memory Operation
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
12-2 General Memory Operation
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
12-3 CPU Memory Connections
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
12-3 CPU Memory Connections
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
12-3 CPU Memory Connections
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
12-4 Read Only memories
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
12-4 Read Only memories
Typical ROM
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
12-4 Read Only memories
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
12-5 ROM Architecture
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
12-5 ROM Architecture
Architecture of a 16 x 8 ROM.
Each register stores one eight-bit word.
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
12-6 ROM Timing
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
12-6 ROM Timing
Another important
timing parameter is
output enable time
(tOE ), the delay
between input and
valid data output.
Values for tOE
are always shorter
than access time.
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
12-7 Types of ROMs
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
12-7 Types of ROMs
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
12-7 Types of ROMs
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
12-7 Types of ROMs
If information in the
PROM is faulty or
must be changed,
it must be discarded.
Often referred to as
“one-time programmable”
(OTP) ROMs.
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
12-7 Types of ROMs
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
12-7 Types of ROMs
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
12-7 Types of ROMs
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
12-8 Flash Memory
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
12-9 ROM Applications
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
12-9 ROM Applications
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
12-9 ROM Applications
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
12-11 RAM Architecture
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
12-11 RAM Architecture
Tristate output
buffers are in
Hi-Z state during
a data write.
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
12-12 Static RAM (SRAM)
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
12-12 Static RAM (SRAM)
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
12-12 Static RAM (SRAM)
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
12-12 Static RAM (SRAM)
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
12-13 Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
12-14 Dynamic RAM Structure and Operation
Cell arrangement in a
16K x 1 dynamic RAM.
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
12-14 Dynamic RAM Structure and Operation
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
12-14 Dynamic RAM Structure and Operation
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
12-14 Dynamic RAM Structure and Operation
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
12-14 Dynamic RAM Structure and Operation
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
12-14 Dynamic RAM Structure and Operation
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
12-15 DRAM Read/Write Cycles
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
12-15 DRAM Read/Write Cycles
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
12-16 DRAM Refreshing
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
12-16 DRAM Refreshing
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
12-19 Expanding Word Size and Capacity
In many applications,
required RAM or ROM
memory capacity or word
size cannot be satisfied
by one memory chip.
Several chips must be
combined to provide
the capacity and/or
the word size.
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
12-19 Expanding Word Size and Capacity
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
12-19 Expanding Word Size and Capacity
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
12-19 Expanding Word Size and Capacity
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 11/e Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved