Temporary Structures used during Construction

• Temporary Structures used during Construction include scaffolding, formwork,

shoring, ramps, platforms, earth retaining structures and other construction
structures which are not part of the permanent installation.

• Temporary Structures during Construction are generally disregarded and looked down
upon when considering the importance of qualifications and experience.

• In fact, most of the time they are an after thought until it is time to actually do the
construction. The result: most tragic failures are during construction and are usually the
result of improperly designed, constructed and/or maintained temporary structures.

Shoring

Building Material and Construction IV B. Arch II Semester IV

 SHORING
- Definition of shoring
- Circumstances under which the shoring is required can be summarised
- Types of shoring:
1. Raking or inclined shores
2. Flying or horizontal shores
3. Dead or vertical shores
4. Hydraulic shores
Beam and Plate
Soil Nailing
Continuous Flight Auguring
Trench Shoring
5. Pneumatic shores
Screw Jacks.
Single-Cylinder Hydraulic Shores.
- Benefits of Temporary Excavation Shoring Walls:

Building Material and Construction IV B. Arch II Semester IV

 SHORING
Sometimes the structures are to be temporarily supported. This is achieved by what is
known as the shoring. It is essential for structures which have become unsafe due to
unequal settlement of foundations or due to removal of the adjacent building.

In multi-story work, the shoring which supports freshly placed concrete is necessarily
supported by lower floors which may not yet have attained their full strength, and which
may not have been designed to carry loads as great as those imposed during
construction. Concrete structures shoring, in this case also referred to as false work,
provides temporary support until the concrete becomes hard and achieves the desired
strength to support loads.

Building Material and Construction IV B. Arch II Semester IV

Shoring is a general term used in construction to describe the process of supporting a
structure in order to prevent collapse so that construction can proceed.

Shoring is used to support the beams and floors in a building while a column or
wall is removed. In this situation vertical supports are used as a temporary replacement
for the building columns or walls.

Trenches - During excavation, shoring systems provide safety for workers in a

trench and speed excavation. In this case, shoring should not be confused with
shielding. Shoring is designed to prevent collapse where shielding is only designed to
protect workers when collapses occur.

Building Material and Construction IV B. Arch II Semester IV

Circumstances under which the shoring is required can be summarised as follows:

• Adjacent structure is to be dismantled.

• Cracks developed due to unequal settlement of foundation in a wall are to be repaired.

• Defective walls of a building are to be dismantled and rebuilt and support is

necessary to the floors or roofs connected to that wall.

• Large openings are required to be made in the main walls of an existing building.

• Walls of a building showing signs of bulging out or leaning outwards due to bad
workmanship.

Building Material and Construction IV B. Arch II Semester IV

Materials: the shoring can be carried out either in timber or in steel tubes or in a
combination of timber and steel tubes. The timber surfaces should be coated with a
preservative so as to give protection against wet rot.
Duration: there is no limit for the duration of shoring and it ranges from week to years.
Requirements: the loads coming on shoring vary widely in nature and hence the
requirement of each case of shoring should be studied separately and designed
accordingly.
Approval: the shoring should be carried out as per prevailing rules and regulations
of the local authority and necessary approval should be obtained.

Types of shoring:
Depending upon their supporting characteristics, the shores are
classified into the following three categories:
1. Raking or inclined shores

2. Flying or horizontal shores

3. Dead or vertical shores

A photo of a building with severe
masonry distress due to settlement
4. Hydraulic shores caused by adjacent construction.
Building Material and Construction IV B. Arch II Semester IV
1. Raking or inclined shores:
In this arrangement the inclined supports
are given to the external walls from the
ground.

A raking shore consists of wall plate,

needles, cleats, rakers, bracing and
sole plate.

The wall plate is placed against the wall

and is secured by means of needles
which penetrate into the wall for a
distance of about 150mm. the wall plate
distributes the pressure evenly.

The needles, in turn are secured by

cleats which are nailed to the wall plate.
The rakers are interconnected by struts
or braces or lacings.

The feet of rakers are stiffened by similar

braces and or hoop iron and they are
connected with the sole plate by means
of iron dogs.
Building Material and Construction IV B. Arch II Semester IV
 45° to 75°

Building Material and Construction IV B. Arch II Semester IV

Building Material and Construction IV B. Arch II Semester IV
Following points should be
noted:
- The centre-line of the
raker and of the wall
should meet at the floor
level.
- The rakers prevent the
outward movement of the
wall and partly deflect the
roof and floor loads.

Carpentry detail of the joint at the top of a timber raking shore.

Building Material and Construction IV B. Arch II Semester IV
- A large factor of safety should be adopted in the design of
inclined shores as it is difficult to assess the actual loads.
- The rakers should be preferably inclined at 45° with the
ground. However, in actual practice, the angle of inclination may
vary from 45° to 75°. The top raker should not be inclined
steeper than 75° with the horizontal.
- The length of the top raker can be reduced by providing a
rider raker.
-The sole plate is usually embedded in the
ground and the legs of raker rests on the
sole plate. The sole plate should be long
enough to accommodate all rakers and a
cleat on the outside.
- In case of the soft ground, the sole plate is
placed on a timber platform to distribute
pressure on a greater area.
- It is not desirable to do wedging as it would
damage the building which is already in an
unstable condition.
- The necessary permission of the concerned
owner of the adjacent property in which the
raking shores are to be erected should be
obtained.
Building Material and Construction IV B. Arch II Semester IV
1. Rakers are to be inclined in the ground
at 45°
2. However the angle may be
between and 45° and 75 ° .
3. For tall buildings, the length of the raker
can be reduced by introducing rider
raker.
4. Rakers should be properly braced at
intervals.
5. The size of the rakers is to be decided on
the basis of anticipated thrust from the
wall.
6. The centre line of a raker and the wall
should meet at floor level.
7. Shoring may be spaced at 3 to 4.5m
spacing to cover longer length of the
bar.
8. The sole plate should be properly
embedded into the ground on an
inclination and should be of proper
section and size.
9. Wedges should not be used on sole
plates since they are likely to give way
under vibrations that are likely to occur.
Building Material and Construction IV B. Arch II Semester IV
 Single steel raking shore system specifically for tilt
slab shoring.

Angkor Wat
complex, simple
combination of
timber raking and
dead shores.

Building Material and Construction IV B. Arch II Semester IV

Designed Raking Shore Scaffold to keep preffered fascade of building, while the rest to be demolished, Rotherham House, Midhurst for
R.W. Armstrong & Sons Ltd
Building Material and Construction IV B. Arch II Semester IV
 Re-roofing works in Old Basing, Basingstoke for Cubbit Builders Ltd

Building Material and Construction IV B. Arch II Semester IV

 Temporary steel ties to prevent
Facade retention spread across facade

Raking shore for

multistoried Building
where inclination of the
rakers has to be limited
due to short land width
available

Detail of Head of the raker

Building Material and Construction IV B. Arch II Semester IV
 temporary steel shoring used to retain old
masonry facade of existing office building
during reconstruction

Exterior building wall is braced to prevent

further lateral movement of the wall.

Building Material and Construction IV B. Arch II Semester IV

2. Flying or Horizontal
shores

In this arrangement, the

horizontal supports are
given to parallel walls
which have become 90° to 120°
unsafe due to the
removal or collapse of
the intermediate
buildings.

A single flying shore

consists of wall plate,
needles, cleats, struts, 9 mts
straining pieces and
folding wedges.

The flying shore should have a depth not less than one-thirtieth of the
clear span and width not less than one-fiftieth of its length.

Building Material and Construction IV B. Arch II Semester IV

Following points should be noted:
- The centre line of flying shores and struts and those of walls should meet at the
floor levels. If the floor levels of the two buildings are at different levels, the
framework may be suitably designed and made unsymmetrical.
- A large factor of safety should be adopted in the design of flying shores as it is difficult to
assess the actual loads.
- The struts are generally inclined at 45° and in no case; the angle of inclination
should increase 60°.
- This type of shoring is suitable for a maximum distance of about 9mts between the
adjacent parallel walls.

Building Material and Construction IV B. Arch II Semester IV

- But when the distance is between
9mts to 12mts, a compound or double
flying shore is provided. It should be
seen that both the horizontal shores are
symmetrical placed with respect to the
floor levels.
Only one set of shoring strengthens two
walls.

-The building operations on the ground

are not obstructed by this type of
shoring.
12 mts
-The flying shores are inserted when
the old building is removed and they
are kept in position till the new
building is constructed to a sufficient
height to provide necessary stability.
- When one building is higher than the other, the raking shores may be provided on
the horizontal shores.
- The flying shores are generally erected at a distance of about 3mts to 5mts in plan
and horizontal struts are introduced, if necessary, to act as lateral bracing between
the adjacent flying shores.

Building Material and Construction IV B. Arch II Semester IV

FLYING SHORES
-It is a system of providing temporary supports to the
party walls of the two buildings where the intermediate
building is to be pulled down and rebuilt.

-All types of arrangements of supporting the unsafe

structure in which the shores do not reach the ground come
under this category.

- They flying shore consists of wall plates, needles, 3-9 mts

cleats, horizontal struts (commonly known as horizontal
shores) and inclined struts arranged in different forms
which varies with the situation.

- In this system also the wall plates are placed against

the wall and secured to it. A horizontal strut is placed
between the wall plates and is supported by a system of
needle and cleats.

- The inclined struts are supported by the needle at their

top and by straining pieces at their feet. The straining
piece is also known as straining sill and is spiked to the
horizontal shore. The width of straining piece is the
same as that of the strut.

- When the distance between the walls (to be strutted apart)

is considerable, a horizontal shore can not be safe and a 9-12 mts
trussed framework of members is necessary to perform the
function of flying shore.

Building Material and Construction IV B. Arch II Semester IV

 The old Moller Theatre in
Darmstadt, Germany
Building Material and Construction IV B. Arch II Semester IV
Building Material and Construction IV B. Arch II Semester IV
 • Where buildings have been
built with a party wall, and one
of the buildings is torn
down, leaving the adjacent
walls unsupported, they
should be protected from
falling by spreading braces
or inclined shores, according
to special conditions.
• Where there is a building on
the other side of the vacant
lot, and within 40 or 50 feet,
Single flying Shores Double flying Shores
the walls of both buildings
may be best supported by
spreading braces.
•If the distance between the buildings does not exceed 25 feet, the braces may be
arranged as shown at A or B. If more than 25 feet, the braces must be trussed in a
manner similar to that shown at C. Iron or steel rods are preferable for the vertical ties, as
they can be screwed up, and any sagging caused by shrinkage in the joints overcome.
• If the buildings are very high every other story should be braced. The ends of the braces
or trusses must be supported vertically, so that they will not slip down. Where there
are offsets in the wall these may serve for a vertical support; if there are no offsets,
then the braces should be supported by vertical posts, starting from the foundation, or
sockets might be cut in the wall and corbels let in and bolted through from the inside.
Building Material and Construction IV B. Arch II Semester IV
3. Dead or vertical shores
In this arrangement, the horizontal members, known as the needles are supported
by vertical members, known as the shores are supported by vertical members
known as the dead shores. The needles are driven at right angles to the wall through
the holes made in the wall. A dead shore is used under the following circumstances.
• The lower part of the wall has become defective.
• The foundations are to be deepened.
• The lower part of the wall is to be rebuilt or reconstructed.
• The large openings are to be made in the existing wall.

Building Material and Construction IV B. Arch II Semester IV

Following points are to be noted:
- It is possible to calculate the stresses in the various members of a dead shore.
- The needles are placed at a distance of about 1.5mts to 2mts and they are suitably
braced. The folding wedges, sole plate, dogs and braces are used.
- The floors are suitably supported inside.
- The openings above and near a dead shore are suitably strutted.
- A raking shore may be provided as an additional safety especially in case of weak
walls.
- The shores should be removed at least after 7 days of construction of new work.
This period is necessary for the new work to obtain the required strength.
- The sequence of removal should be needles, strutting from openings, the floor strutting
inside and raking shores, if any. It is desirable to allow an interval of two days between
each of these operations.

Using a clamping device, shores are made by joining two pieces of dimension lumber which also
facilitates length adjustment
Building Material and Construction IV B. Arch II Semester IV
Application of shoring system with adjustable legs

Vertical or dead shore system, typically used in

formwork.

Building Material and Construction IV B. Arch II Semester IV

Building Material and Construction IV B. Arch II Semester IV
DEAD SHORES
This is the system of shoring which is used to render vertical support to walls and roofs,
floors, etc when the lower part of a wall has been removed for the purpose of providing an
opening in the wall or to rebuild a defective load bearing wall in a structure. The dead shore
consists of an arrangement of beams and posts which are required to support the weight of
the structure above and transfer same to the ground on firm foundation below.

Section of the elevation showing

arrangement of dead shores for
making an opening in an existing wall

When opening in the wall are to be made, holes are cut in the wall at such a height as
to allow sufficient space for insertion of the beam or girder that will be provided
permanently to carry the weight of the structure above. Distance at which the holes are
cut depends upon the type of masonry and it varies from 1.2m to 1.8m centre. Beams
called needles are placed in the holes and are supported by vertical props called dead
shores at their ends on either side of the wall. The needles may be of timber or steel
and are of sufficient section to carry the load above.
Building Material and Construction IV B. Arch II Semester IV
The dead shores stand away from wall on either side so as to allow for working
space when the needle and the props are in position. The props are tightened up by
folding wedges provided at their bases while the junction between the prop and the
needle is secured with the help of dogs. Before the dismantling work is started, all the
doors, windows or other openings are well strutted. In order to relieve the wall of load
of floors and roof above, they are independently supported. Vibrations and shocks are
bound to occur when wall cutting is done as such a measure of safety raking
shores are sometimes erected before commencement of wall cutting operation.

Building Material and Construction IV B. Arch II Semester IV

The Shoring system includes Heavy Duty Shore Frames, Adjustable Post Shores, Adjustable
Horizontal Shores and Aluminum Beams. All this equipment is available in different sizes for
virtually any deck forming.
The frames are constructed of
welded, structural steel tubing
having a minimum yield strength
of 50,000lbs./in., and a tensile
strength of 75,000lbs./in. A typical
load capacity is 12,000lbs./leg (2.5
to 1 safety factor) up to three tiers
high.
HEAVY DUTY POST SHORES
Available in three models providing
adjustable shoring heights from
5'7" to 16'. The load ratings of
these Post Shores is up to
10,000lbs.
ALUMINUM BEAMS AND
ADJUSTABLE HORIZONTAL SHORES
Aluminum Beams and Joists are
available in a wide range of lengths
with section heights of 7 1/4" and 6
1/2".
Building Material and Construction IV B. Arch II Semester IV
Soil Nailing
Soil nailing is a technique in which soil slopes, excavations or retaining walls are
reinforced by the insertion of relatively slender elements - normally steel
reinforcing bars. The bars are usually installed into a pre-drilled hole and then
grouted into place or drilled and grouted simultaneously. They are usually installed
untensioned at a slight downward inclination. A rigid or flexible facing (often
sprayed concrete) or isolated soil nail heads may be used at the surface.

Building Material and Construction IV B. Arch II Semester IV

Continuous Flight Augering
Continuous Flight Augering (CFA) is a method used to create concrete piles or
wooden planks to support soil so that excavation can take place nearby. A
Continuous Flight Augering drill is used to excavate a hole and concrete is injected
through a hollow shaft under pressure as the auger is extracted. This creates a
continuous pile without ever leaving an open hole.

Shaft Drillers International (SDI) is a recognized leader in developing and implementing temporary shoring systems. As a
primary designer and builder of temporary earth retention systems, SDI performs a thorough and accurate analysis of site
and subsurface conditions prior to every design and installation.

Building Material and Construction IV B. Arch II Semester IV

4. Hydraulic shores
Hydraulic shoring is the use of hydraulic pistons that can be pumped outward until
they press up against the trench walls. They are typically combined with steel plate
or plywood, either being 1-1/8" thick plywood.

LEFT: Traditional trench

shoring or Timbering.

RIGHT: Schematic sketch of

a modern steel trench shore
being lowered into a trench.

There are many varieties of this type of safety device. In the retracted position one of
these frames can be easily dropped into a newly excavated trench by a small mobile
crane. Then, from the inside it can be jacked into a firm position against the trench
sides. Some versions are jacked by hand, others are hydraulic or air operated.
They are made in various sizes and can be stacked one above the other in deep
excavations.
Building Material and Construction IV B. Arch II Semester IV
Building Material and Construction IV B. Arch II Semester IV
The trend today is toward the use of hydraulic shoring, a prefabricated strut and/or
wale system manufactured of aluminium or steel. Hydraulic shoring provides a critical
safety advantage over timber shoring because workers do not have to enter the trench to
install or remove hydraulic shoring.
Other advantages of most hydraulic systems are that they:
- Are light enough to be installed by one worker;
-Are gauge-regulated to ensure even distribution of pressure along the trench line;
Can have their trench faces "preloaded" to use the soil's natural cohesion to prevent
movement; and Can be adapted easily to various trench depths and widths.
-All shoring should be installed from the top down and removed from the bottom
up. Hydraulic shoring should be checked at least once per shift for leaking hoses
and/or cylinders, broken connections, cracked nipples, bent bases, and any other
damaged or defective parts.

Building Material and Construction IV B. Arch II Semester IV

Beam and Plate
Beam and Plate steel I-beams are driven into the ground and steel plates are slid in
amongst them. A similar method that uses wood planks is called soldier boarding.
Hydraulics tend to be faster and easier; the other methods tend to be used for longer term
applications or larger excavations.

Building Material and Construction IV B. Arch II Semester IV

 Benefits of Temporary Excavation Shoring Walls:
• Provides the ability to maximize building footprint
• Minimize the size of excavation
• Minimal ground disturbance
• Avoids potential for undermining adjacent structures / buildings
• Prevents sloughing and cave-ins
• Enhance work / site safety for all personnel and equipment
Facts:
• Top down construction process
• Piled and / or Anchor Reinforced
• Ability to utilize smaller equipment for limited access
• Minimal impact and disturbance
• Ability to install shoring walls on property lines adjacent to existing structures
• Cantilever shoring systems may be utilizing up to 12’ / 3.65m excavations
• Installation of anchors allows for deep excavation shoring
• May be left in place (no costs for removals)
Applications:
• Commercial excavations (deep and shallow)
• Residential excavations
• Inner city infill projects
• Construction of retaining walls
• Slope stability
• Exposing buried infrastructure
• Various innovative applications
Building Material and Construction IV B. Arch II Semester IV
Shoring for trenches

Building Material and Construction IV B. Arch II Semester IV

 Shoring supports the walls of a trench
and stops them falling in. This provides
a safety zone for workers should the
trench walls collapse inwards. Types of
shoring include open shoring and closed
shoring system. Which one depends on
soil type, length, width and depth of the
excavation of your project. Coates Hire
have available various types of shoring
systems from lightweight aluminium
panels, steel panels up to 6m in width
and trenching sheet and power brace up
to 17m widths.

Building Material and Construction IV B. Arch II Semester IV

Building Material and Construction IV B. Arch II Semester IV
Building Material and Construction IV B. Arch II Semester IV
Building Material and Construction IV B. Arch II Semester IV
PNEUMATIC SHORING works in a manner similar to hydraulic shoring. The primary
difference is that pneumatic shoring uses air pressure in place of hydraulic pressure. A
disadvantage to the use of pneumatic shoring is that an air compressor must be on site.

Screw Jacks. Screw jack systems differ from hydraulic and pneumatic systems in that the
struts of a screw jack system must be adjusted manually. This creates a hazard because the
worker is required to be in the trench in order to adjust the strut. In addition, uniform
"preloading" cannot be achieved with screw jacks, and their weight creates handling
difficulties.

Single-Cylinder Hydraulic Shores. Shores of this type are generally used in a water
system, as an assist to timber shoring systems, and in shallow trenches where face stability
is required.

Video for hydraulic shores

Building Material and Construction IV Thank U………….. B. Arch II Semester IV