PRESTRESSED CONCRETE:

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE:
DEFLECTION DUE TO
P R E S T R E S S
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE:

INTRODUCTION
• The effect of deflection in a structure
varies according to the use of the
structure.
• Excessive deflections may lead to
sagging floors, to roof that do not drain
properly, to damage partitions and
finishes, to the creation of pools of
water on road surface of bridges, and
to other associated troubles
DEFLECTION:
Total movement induced at a point of a member
from the position before application of the load
to the position after the application of the load.
DISTINCTION:

•Prestress: Camber – deflection

caused by prestressed

•Reinforced Concrete: Deflection

– caused by external loads
DEFLECTION OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
MEMBERS:

•Fully prestressed members

(class 1 and class 2) remain crack
free until service load.
•Assumed linearly elastic.
TWO TYPES OF DEFLECTION:

• Short-term/Instantaneous – deflection
occurs immediately upon the application of
the load.
• Long-term – deflection takes time to occur
due to shrinkage and creep movements.
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE:

DEFLECTION CONTROL
 Can be controlled to a great
extent by properly selecting the
magnitude and trajectory of the
prestressing force.
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE:
IMPORTANCE OF
DEFLECTION CONTROL
 Structural concrete member
should be designed to have
adequate stiffness to limit
deflection, which may adversely
affect the strength or serviceability
of the structure at working loads.
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE:
DEFLECTION CONTROL
ESSENTIALS
1. Excessive, sagging of principal structural members
is not only unsightly; but at times, also renders
the floor unsuitable for the intended use.
2. Large deflection under dynamic effects and under
the influence of variable loads may cause
discomfort to the users.
3. Excessive deflections are likely to cause damage
to finishes, partitions, and associated structures.
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE:

FACTORS INFLUENCING
DEFLECTIONS
The deflections of the prestressed concrete members are influenced by the
ff. salient factors:

1.Imposed load and self-weight

2.Magnitude of the prestressing force
3.Cable profile
4.Second moment of area of cross section
5.Modulus of elasticity of concrete
6.Shrinkage, creep and relaxation of steel stress
7.Span of the member
8.Fixity conditions
 In the pre-cracking stage, the whole cross section is
effective in the deflection in this stage are computed
using the second moment of area of the gross concrete
sections.
In the post-cracking stage, a prestress concrete beam
behaves in a manner similar to that of a reinforced
concrete beam and the computations of deflections in
this stage is made by considering moment-curvature
relationships which involves the sections and properties
of the cracked beam.
 In both cases, the effect of creep and
shrinkage of concrete is to increase the
long term deflection under sustain loads,
which is estimated by using empirical
methods that involve the use of effective
(long term) modulus of elasticity or by
multiplying short term deflections by
suitable factors.
 SHORT-TERM
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE:

(INSTANTANEOUS)
DEFLECTIONS
LOAD-DEFLECTION RELATIONSHIP
short-term deflections in prestressed
concrete members are calculated on the
assumption that the sections are
homogenous, isotropic, and elastic. Such an
assumption is an approximation of actual
behavior, particularly that the modulus Ec of
concrete varies with the age of the concrete
and moment of inertia varies with the stage of
loading, i,e., whether the section is uncracked
or cracked.
PRECRACKING STAGE: REGION I
• where a structural member is crack free.
• the pre-cracking segment of the load-deflection
curve is essentially a straight line defining full
elastic behavior. The maximum tensile stress in
the beam in this region is less than its tensile
strength in flexure, i.e., it is less than the modulus
of rupture fr of concrete.
• the load-deflection behavior depends on the
stress-strain relationship of concrete. A typical
stress-strain diagram is shown in figure 7.2.
PRECRACKING STAGE: REGION I
• The value of 𝑬𝒄 can be estimated using the ACI
empirical expression:
𝑬𝒄 = 33 𝒘𝟏.𝟓 √f’c (7.2a)
𝑬𝒄 = 57,000√f’c; for normal-weight concrete
• The pre-cracking region stops at the initiation of
the first flexural crack, when the concrete stress
reaches its modulus of rupture strength 𝒇𝒓
𝒇𝒓 = 7.5λ√f’c (7.2b)
λ = 1.0 for normal weight concrete
λ = 0.75 for all-lightweight concrete
λ = 0.85 for sand-lightweight concrete
PRECRACKING STAGE: REGION I
• If one equates the modulus of rupture 𝒇𝒓 to the stress produced by the
cracking moment 𝑴𝒄𝒓 (decompression moment), then
𝒇𝒃 = 𝒇𝒓 = - 𝑷𝒆 / 𝑨𝒄 (1 + e𝒄𝒃 /𝒓𝟐 ) + 𝑴𝒄𝒓 / 𝑺𝒃 (7.3a)
where: subscript b stands for the bottom fibers at midspan of a simply
supported beam. If the distance of the extreme tension fibers from the
center of the gravity of concrete section is Yt , then the cracking moment
is given by:
𝑴𝒄𝒓 = 𝑰𝒈 / 𝒀𝒕 (𝑷𝒆 / 𝑨𝒄 (1 + e 𝒄𝒃 / 𝒓𝟐 ) + 7.5λ√f’c) (7.3b)

𝑴𝒄𝒓 = 𝑺𝒃 (7.5λ√f’c + 𝑷𝒆 / 𝑨𝒄 (1 + e 𝒄𝒃 / 𝒓𝟐 )) (7.3c)

PRECRACKING STAGE: REGION I
where: 𝑺𝒃 = section of modulus at bottom fibers. More conservatively,
from equation 5.12, the cracking moment due to that portion of the
applied live load that causes cracking is:
𝑴𝒄𝒓 = 𝑺𝒃 (6.0λ√f’c + 𝒇𝒄𝒆 – 𝒇𝒅 ) (7.4a)
where:
• 𝒇𝒄𝒆 = compressive stress at the center of gravity of concrete section due
to effective prestress only after losses when tensile stress is caused by
applied external load.
• 𝒇𝒅 = concrete stress at extreme tensile fibers due to unfactored dead
load when tensile stresses and cracking are caused by the external load.
PRECRACKING STAGE: REGION I
A factor of 7.5 can also be used instead of 6.0 for deflection purposes
for beams. Equation 7.3a can be transformed to the PCI format (ref 7.7)
giving identical results:

𝑴𝒄𝒓 / 𝑴𝒂 = 1 – ( (𝒇𝒕𝒍 – 𝒇𝒓 )/ 𝒇𝑳 ) (7.4b)

where:
𝑴𝒂 = maximum service unfactored live load moment
𝒇𝒕𝒍 = final calculated total service load concrete stress in the member
𝒇𝒓 = modulus of rupture
𝒇𝑳 = service live load of concrete stress in the member
CALCULATION OF CRACKING MOMENT 𝑴𝒄𝒓
Example:
Compute the cracking moment 𝑴𝒄𝒓 for a
prestressed rectangular beam section having a
width b = 12in (305 mm) and a total depth h = 24in
(610mm), given that f’c = 4,000psi (27.6MPa). The
concrete stress 𝒇𝒃 due to eccentric prestressing is
1,850psi (12.8MPa) in compression. Use a modulus
of rupture value of 7.5 √f’c
 CALCULATION OF CRACKING MOMENT 𝑴𝒄𝒓
Given:
b = 12in (305mm) h = 24in (610mm)
f’c = 4,000psi (27.6MPa)
fb = 1,850psi (12.8MPa)
Solution:
• Mcr = Sb (7.5λ√f’c + Pe/Ac (1 + ecb/r2))
• Mcr = 1,152 (474 + 1,850) = 2.68 x 106 in-lb
If the beam were not prestressed,
• Mcr = fr Ig/Yt = (474x13,824)/12 = 0.546 x
106 in-lb

• fr = 7.5 √f’c = 7.5 √4,000 = 474 psi

• Ig = bh3/12 = (12)(24)3/12 = 13,824in4
• Yt = 24/2 = 12in
• Sb = Ig / Yt = 13,824/12 = 1,152in3
Post Cracking Service Load Stage. Region II

• most beams lie in this region at service loads.

• beam undergoes varying degrees of cracking along the
span corresponding to the stress deflection levels at
each section.
• cracks are wider and deeper at midspan, whereas only
minor and narrow cracks develop near the supports in
simple beam.
• as the magnitude of cracking increases, stiffness
continues to decrease.
Post-serviceability Cracking Stage and Limit State of Deflection
Behavior at Failure: Region III

• as the load continues to increase, the strain Es in the steel at

the tension side continues to increase beyond the yield
strain Ey with no additional stress.
• the beam at this stage is considered to have structurally
failed by initial yielding of tension steel.
• it continues to deflect without additional loading, the cracks
continue to open, and the neutral axis continues to rise
toward the outer compression fibers.
• a secondary compression failure develops, leading to total
crushing of the concrete in the maximum moment region
followed by rupture.
 SHORT TERM DEFLECTIONS
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE:

OF UNCRACKED MEMBERS
MOHR’S THEOREM
- readily applicable for the
estimation of deflections due to
prestressing force, self-weight and
imposed loads. Consider Fig. 6.1 in
which the beam AB is subjected to a
bending moment distribution due to
prestressing force or self weight or
imposed loads. ACB is the center line of
the deformed structure under the
system of given loads.
• 𝑺𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂:
𝐴
𝜃=
𝐸𝐼

• 𝑫𝒆𝒇𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂:
𝐴𝑥
𝑎=
𝐸𝐼
TENDON PROFILE ON DEFLECTIONS
TENDON PROFILE ON DEFLECTIONS
TENDON PROFILE ON DEFLECTIONS
TENDON PROFILE ON DEFLECTIONS
TENDON PROFILE ON DEFLECTIONS
TENDON PROFILE ON DEFLECTIONS
TENDON PROFILE ON DEFLECTIONS
TENDON PROFILE ON DEFLECTIONS
DEFLECTION DUE TO SELF WEIGHT AND IMPOSED
LOAD
At the time of transfer of prestress, the beam hogs up due to the
effect of prestressing. At this stage, the self weight of the beam
induces downward deflections, which further increase due to the
effect of imposed loads on the beam.
If g = self weight
q = imposed load/m (uniformly distributed),
the downward deflection is computed as,

*Deflections due to concentrated live loads

can be directly computed by using Mohr’s
theorems.
EXAMPLE #1
 EXAMPLE #1
• Self weight of the beam, g = (0.3 x 0.5 x 24) = 3.6 KN/m = 0.0036 KN/mm
𝟑𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟑
• Second moment of area (I) = ( ) = 3,125 x 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟒
𝟏𝟐
• Prestressing force, P = (2 x 600 x 1600) = 1920 x 𝟏𝟎𝟑 N = 1,920 kN
𝟓𝒈𝑳𝟒
• Downward deflection due to self weight =
𝟑𝟖𝟒𝑬𝑰
𝟓 𝒙 𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟔 𝒙 (𝟏𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)𝟒
= = 3.95mm
𝟑𝟖𝟒 𝒙 𝟑𝟖 𝒙 𝟑,𝟏𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟏𝟎 𝟔
𝑷𝒆𝑳𝟐
• Upward deflection due to prestressing force =
𝟖𝑬𝑰
𝟏,𝟗𝟐𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒙 (𝟏𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)𝟐
= = 20.2mm
𝟖 𝒙 𝟑𝟖 𝒙 𝟑,𝟏𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟏𝟎 𝟔
 EXAMPLE #1

• Net upward deflection of the beam, when it supports its own weight
= (20.2 – 3.9) = 16.3mm
• Downward deflection due to live load = (𝟑.𝟗𝟑.𝟔
𝒙 𝟏𝟖
) = 19.5mm

• Upward deflection due to prestress after losses = (0.8 x 20.2) =

16.16mm. Final downward deflection of the beam due to (self weight +
prestress + live load) = (3.95 – 16.6 +19.50) = 7.29mm.
 SHORT TERM DEFLECTION AT
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE:

SERVICE LOAD
EXAMPLE #1
(SHORT TERM DEFLECTION: NON COMPOSITE UNCRACKED DOUBLE T-BEAM
DEFLECTION)
The beam carries a superimposed service live load of 1,100 plf (16.1
KN/m) and superimposed dead load of 100 plf (1.5 KN/m). It is bonded
pretensioned, with 𝐴𝑝𝑠= sixteen 1/2-in. diameter 7-wire 270ksi (𝑓𝑝𝑢=270
ksi=1,1862 MPa) stress-relieved strands = 2.448 〖𝑖𝑛〗^2. Disregard the
contribution of the non prestressed steel in calculating the moment of
inertia in this example. Assumed that strands are jacked to 0.70𝑓_𝑝𝑢
resulting in the initial prestressed Pi= 462,672 lb. the effective prestress Pe
= 379,391 lb occurs at the first load of application 30 days after erection
and does not include all the time-dependent losses.
Evaluate the total short-term (immediate) elastic deflection of 12 DT 34
beam using applicable moment of inertia 𝐼𝑔 or 𝐼𝑒 method.
EXAMPLE #1
EXAMPLE #1
EXAMPLE #1
EXAMPLE #1
EXAMPLE #1
EXAMPLE #1
EXAMPLE #1
EXAMPLE #2
(SHORT TERM DEFLECTION: NON COMPOSITE CRACKED DOUBLE T-BEAM
DEFLECTION)

Solve example 1 by (a) the bilinear method, (b) the

effective moment if inertia method for condition of
tensile stress 𝒇𝒃 = 𝟕𝟓𝟎 𝐩𝐬𝐢 at midspan bottom fibers at
service load, i,e., the tensile stress exceeds the modulus
of rapture 𝒇𝒓 =7.5 𝒇′ 𝒄 = 7.5 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 =530 psi for crack
formation. Assume that the net beam camber due to
prestress and self weight is 𝜹 = .95 in.
EXAMPLE #2
EXAMPLE #2
EXAMPLE #2
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE:
PREDICTION OF LONG TIME
DEFLECTION
 The deformation of prestressed members change
with time as a result of creep and shrinkage of
concrete and relaxation of stress in steel. The
deflection of prestressed members can be computed
relative to a given datum, if the magnitude and
longitudinal distribution of curvatures for the beam
span are known for that instant based on the load
history, which includes the prestressing forces and
live loads.
 The prestressed concrete member develops
deformations under the influence of two usually
opposing effects, which are the prestress and
transverse loads. The net curvature φᵣ at a section at
any given stage is obtained.
φ𝒓 = φ𝒎𝒕 + φ𝒑𝒕
where: φmt – change of curvature caused by transverse loads
φpt – change of curvature caused by prestress
 Under the section of sustained transverse loads, the
compressive stress distribution in the concrete change
with time.
However, in practical cases the change of stress being
small, it may be assumed that the concrete creeps under
constant stress. The creep strain due to transverse loads
is directly computed as a function of the creep
coefficient so that the change of curvature can be
estimated by the expression,
φ𝒎𝒕 = (1 + φ) φᵢ
where: φ – creep coefficient
φᵢ - initial curvature immediately after the application of
transverse loads
 The change of curvature due to the sustained
prestress (φ𝒑𝒕 ) depends upon the cumulative
effects of creep and shrinkage of concrete and
relaxation of stress in steel. Several methods
have been proposed to evaluate the curvature
under simplified assumptions. The important
ones are attributed to Busemann McHenry,
Douglas and Corley, Sozen and Siess.
 According to Neville and the ACI committee report,
the creep curvature due to prestress is obtained on
simplified assumption that creep in induced by the
average prestress acting over the given time. Using this
approach, if
Pi – initial prestress
Pt – prestress after a time, t
Loss of prestressing force due to relaxation, shrinkage
and creep, Lp = (Pi – Pt)
e = eccentricity of the prestressing force at the section
EI = Flexural rigidity
 The curvature due to prestress after time t is can be expressed
as:

Then, the total long-time deflection after time t is obtained

from expression,
 A much simplified but an approximate procedure is suggested
by Lin for computing long time deflections. In this method, the
initial deflection due to prestress and transverse loads is modified
to account for the loss of prestress which tends to decrease the
deflection, and the creep effect which tends to increase the
deflection. The principle of reduced modulus involving the creep
coefficient is used to amplify the initial deflections. According to
this method, the final long-time deflection is expressed as,
EXAMPLE 1:
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
EXAMPLE 2:
EXAMPLE 2:
EXAMPLE 2:
EXAMPLE 2:
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE:

LONG-TIME DEFLECTION
OF CRACKED MEMBERS
 The prediction of time-dependent deflections
is complicated in the case of cracked members
due to redistribution of flexural stresses.
According to Neville, an exact solution results in
non-linear integral equations, for which no
closed solution is available. The numerical
solutions developed ignore the influence of the
tensile concrete zone on the strain distribution
in the section, which considerably effects
deflection.
 The British Code BS: 8110-1985
recommendations are comprehensive in this
regard, as they incorporate the use of curvature of
cracked sections, including the effect of shrinkage
and creep in computing long-term deflections. In
contrast, the American Concrete Institute code ACI:
318-1989 uses a simpler approach, whereby the
additional long-term deflection resulting from
creep and shrinkage of flexural members is
determined by multiplying the immediate
deflection caused by the sustained load considered
by the factor:
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION: