Introduction to Wireless Communication Sy

stems
 Unit I (8 Hrs)
Wireless Communication Systems
A. Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems, Examples of Wireless
Communication Systems, Trends in Cellular Radio and Personal Communication
s.
Modern Wireless Communication Systems: Second Generation (2G) Cellular Net
works,2.5G, Third Generation (3G) wireless Networks,
The Cellular Concept: Introduction, Frequency Reuse, Channel Assignment strat
egies, Hand off Strategies, interference and system capacity, improving coverag
e and capability in Cellular Systems.
B. 4G standard, effects of electromagnetic Radiation of mobile base stations o
n human body.
Unit II (8 Hrs)
Mobile Radio Propagation
A. Large Scale Path Loss: Introduction to Radio wave propagation , free space
propagation model, propagation mechanisms, Practical Link Budget design usin
g path loss models, Out door propagation models, Indoor propagation models, s
ignal penetration into buildings, Ray tracing and site specific modeling.
Small Scale Path Loss: Small Scale Multi path propagation, small scale multi-pat
h measurements, parameters of mobile multi path channels, Types of small scal
e fading, Examples of fading behaviour.
B. Raleigh and Racian distribution, Statistical models for multi path fading c
Unit III (8 Hrs)
Multiple Access Techniques for Wireless Communications
A. Introduction to multiple access, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time
Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Spread Spectrum Multiple Access, Space Division
Multiple Access (SDMA), Capacity of Cellular Systems.
B. Packet Radio Protocols, Carrier Sense Multiple Access Protocols. Reservation
protocols.

Unit IV (8 Hrs)
Wireless Networking
A. Introduction to Wireless Networks, differences between Wireless and fixed
Telephone Networks, Development of Wireless Networks, Traffic routing in Wireless
Networks, Wireless Data Services, Common Channel Signaling, Integrated Services
Digital Network (ISDN), Introduction to Signaling System No.7(SS7), Protocols for
network access. Personal Communication Services / Networks, Protocols for network
access.
Wireless LAN: Infrastructure and Adhoc Networks, IEEE 802.11 , HIPERLAN,
introduction to Bluetooth.
B. An example of SS7- Global Cellular Network inter operability, performance of SS7.
Unit V (8 Hrs)
Wireless Systems and Standards
A. AMPS and ETACS, United States Digital Cellular (IS-54 and IS-136), Gl
obal System for mobile (GSM), CDMA, Digital Cellular Standard (IS-95), C
T2 Standard for Cordless Telephones, Digital European Cordless Telepho
ne (DECT) Standard, Personal Access
Communication Systems (PACS).
B. TRAI Standards for GSM, DECT and GPRS.

Text Books
1.Wireless Communications- Principle and practice,
Theodore S, Rappaport, Second edition, PHI
2.Mobile Communications, Jochen Schiller, Second Edition, Pearson
Education.

References
1. www. Trai.gov.in
2.Relevant IEEE Papers
List of tutorials

1.Problems on Frequency Reuse, Channel Assignment

2.Problems on Interference, capacity Improvement and coverage Improvemen
t
3.Study/ IEEE papers on large Scale models
4.Study/ problems/IEEE papers on Small Scale models
5.Problems on multiple access techniques
6.IEEE papers on wireless networking Techniques
7.IEEE papers/study using simulation Traffic Routing in wireless networks
8.IEEE papers/study using simulation, Traffic routing in wireless networks
9.IEEE papers/study using simulation, Performance Improvement of wireless
networks.
10.IEEE papers/study using simulation Network access protocols
11.IEEE papers/study using simulation Network access protocols
12.Discussion on practical implementation of the above discussed technologie
s.
Figure 1.1 The growth of mobile telephony as compared with other popular inventions of the 20th century.
 120 KHz BW – 1920
 60 KHz BW – 1950
 30 KHz BW – 1960

The large RF bandwidth was used because of the

difficulty in mass producing tight RF filters and low-
noise, front-end receivers.
 Wireless vs. mobile Examples
  stationary computer
  notebook in a hotel
  wireless LANs in buildings
  Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)
 Two aspects of mobility:
◦ user mobility: users communicate (wireless) “anytime, anywhere, wi
th anyone”
◦ device portability: devices can be connected anytime, anywhere to t
he network
 The demand for mobile communication creates the need for integrati
on of wireless networks into existing fixed networks:
◦ local area networks: standardization of IEEE 802.11,
ETSI (HIPERLAN)
◦ Internet: Mobile IP extension of the internet protocol IP
◦ wide area networks: e.g., internetworking of GSM and ISDN

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 1895: Guglielmo Marconi
◦ first demonstration of wireless
telegraphy (digital!)
◦ long wave transmission, high
transmission power necessary (> 200kw)
 1907: Commercial transatlantic connections
◦ huge base stations
(30 100m high antennas)
 1915: Wireless voice transmission New York - San Francisco
 1920: Discovery of short waves by Marconi
◦ reflection at the ionosphere
◦ smaller sender and receiver, possible due to the invention o
f the vacuum tube (1906, Lee DeForest and Robert von Lieb
en)
 1926: Train-phone on the line Hamburg – Berlin wires parallel
to the railroad track

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 1928 : many TV broadcast trials (across Atlantic, color TV, TV news)
 1933 : Frequency modulation (E. H. Armstrong)
 1958: A-Netz in Germany
◦ analog, 160MHz, connection setup only from the mobile station, n
o handover, 80% coverage, 1971 @11000 customers
 1972: B-Netz in Germany
◦ analog, 160MHz, connection setup from the fixed network too (but
location of the mobile station has to be known)
◦ available also in A, NL and LUX, 1979 @13000 customer
 1979: NMT at 450MHz (Scandinavian countries)
 1982: Start of GSM-specification
◦ goal: pan-European digital mobile phone system with roaming
 1983: Start of the American AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone
System, analog)
 1984: CT-1 standard (Europe) for cordless telephones

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 1986: C-Netz in Germany
◦ analog voice transmission, 450MHz, hand-over possible, digital sig
naling, automatic location of mobile device
◦ Was in use until 2000, services: FAX, modem, X.25, e-mail, 98% co
verage
 1991: Specification of DECT
◦ Digital European Cordless Telephone (today: Digital Enhanced Cord
less Telecommunications)
◦ 1880-1900MHz, ~100-500m range, 120 duplex channels, 1.2Mbit
/s data transmission, voice encryption, authentication, up to severa
l 10000 user/km2, used in more than 50 countries
 1992: Start of GSM
◦ fully digital, 900MHz, 124 channels
◦ automatic location, hand-over, cellular
◦ roaming in Europe - now worldwide in more than 170 countries
◦ services: data with 9.6kbit/s, FAX, voice, ...

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 1994: E-Netz in Germany
◦ GSM with 1800MHz, smaller cells
◦ 1997 @ 98% coverage of the population
 1996: HiperLAN (High Performance Radio Local Area Network)
◦ ETSI, standardization of type 1: 5.15 - 5.30GHz, 23.5Mbit/s
◦ recommendations for type 2 and 3 (both 5GHz) and 4 (17GHz) as
wireless ATM-networks (up to 155Mbit/s)
 1997: Wireless LAN - IEEE802.11
◦ IEEE standard, 2.4 - 2.5GHz and infrared, 2Mbit/s
◦ already many (proprietary) products available in the beginning
 1998: Specification of GSM successors
◦ for UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) as Europea
n proposals for IMT-2000
◦ 66 satellites (+6 spare), 1.6GHz to the mobile phone

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 1999: Standardization of additional wireless LANs
◦ IEEE standard 802.11b, 2.4-2.5GHz, 11Mbit/s
◦ Bluetooth for piconets, 2.4Ghz, <1Mbit/s
 Decision about IMT-2000
◦ Several “members” of a “family”: UMTS, cdma2000, DECT, …
 Start of WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) and i-mode
◦ First step towards a unified Internet/mobile communication system
◦ Access to many services via the mobile phone
 2000: GSM with higher data rates
◦ HSCSD offers up to 57,6kbit/s
◦ First GPRS trials with up to 50 kbit/s (packet oriented!)
 UMTS auctions/beauty contests
◦ Hype followed by disillusionment (approx. 50 B$ payed in Germany
for 6 UMTS licences!)
 2001: Start of 3G systems
◦ Cdma2000 in Korea, UMTS in Europe, Foma (almost UMTS) in Japan

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 Wireless Communication
◦ transmission quality (bandwidth, error rate, delay)
◦ modulation, coding, interference
◦ media access, regulations
◦ ...
 Mobility
◦ location dependent services
◦ location transparency
◦ quality of service support (delay, jitter, security)
◦ ...
 Portability
◦ power consumption
◦ limited computing power, sizes of display, ...
◦ usability
◦ ...

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 Mobile: Any radio terminal that can be moved
during operation.
A radio terminal that is attached to a high spe
ed platform.

 Portable: A radio terminal that is hand-held a

nd can be moved at walking speed.
 Simplex
 Half-Duplex
 Full-Duplex
Frequency division duplex (FDD)
Time division duplex (TDD)

FDD: Transmit & receive frequencies are separated by abo

ut 5% of the nominal RF frequency.
Forward channel
Reverse channel
TDD: Data transmission rate in the channel is much greater
than the end-user’s data rate
Possible with digital transmission formats & digital
modulation.
 First generation
Coverage: Few tens of metres, usually
indoors

 Second generation
Coverage: Few hundred metres,
Outdoor usage possible.
 Forward voice channel (FVC)
 Reverse voice channel (RVC)

 Forward control channel (FCC)

 Reverse control channel (RCC)

Control channels also called as setup channels.

Figure 1.6 Timing diagram illustrating how a call to a mobile user initiated by a landline subscriber is established.
Figure 1.7 Timing diagram illustrating how a call initiated by a mobile is established.
1. Between a pager, a cellular phone and a cordless phone, whi
ch device will have the longest battery life between charging?
Why?
2. Write an equation that relates the speed of light c, to carrier
frequency f and wavelength λ.
3. Assume that wireless communication can be divided into one
of the following four groups:
. High power, wide area systems (cellular)
. Low power, local area systems (cordless telephone & PCS)
. Low data rate, wide area systems (mobile data)
. High data rate, local area systems (wireless LANs)

Classify each of the wireless standards described in Table 1.

1 – 1.3 using these four groups. Justify your answers. Note t
hat some standards may fit into more than one group.