HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

Group leader:
Usman Rauf
Members:
Hassan Raza
Waqar Hussain
M Danyal
Faiz Anwar
Abdul Rehman
Arsahd Mehmod
Aziz Ahmed
Faiz Hussain
Mansoor Ali
Aftab Shereen
Introduction to hydraulics
hydraulics
 Hydraulics is the branch of engineering that deals with
the mechanical properties of liquids
 Hydraulics is used for generation (hydraulic
pump),control (control valves) transmission (pipes
and hoses) and application (actuators e.g. cylinder and
motors) using pressurized liquids
Hydraulic system
 It is unitary whole of interconnected and interrelated
hydraulic components to transmit engine power to the
blade for rising ,lowering and holding it according to
work requirement
 The basic idea behind any hydraulic system is very
simple . The force it is applied at one point is
transmitted to another point using incompressible
fluid. The fluid is always an oil of some sort. The forces
almost always multiplied in the process.
Earth moving machine (excavators)
Winches on cranes and boats
Rams for extrusion presses

Aero planes controls
Robots
Pascal’s law
 Pascal's law states that when there is an increase in
pressure at any point in a confined liquid there is an
equal increase at every other point in the container.
 Further more:
 If weight of fluid is neglected the pressure throughout
an enclosed volume will be the same.
 The pressure in a fluid acts equally in all direction.
 The pressure acts at the right angle to any surface in
contact with the fluid.
Hydraulic press
 Construction:
 A hydraulic press consist of basic components used in
hydraulic system that includes cylinders , pistons ,
hydraulic pipes etc.
 Working principle
The working of hydraulic press is based on
Pascal's law
p1=p2
F1/A1=F2/A2
F2=F1(A2/A1)
Pressure
 Pressure is force per unit area applied in a direction
perpendicular to the surface of an object.
pressure = force / area
P=F/A
Types of pressure
 Atmospheric pressure

 Gauge pressure

 Absolute pressure

 Vacuum pressure
Atmospheric pressure
 Atmospheric pressure is the force per unit area exerted
on a surface by the weight of air above that surface in
the atmosphere of earth
 The standard atmosphere is the unit of pressure equals
to 101325 Pascal's it is equitant to 760 mm of hg and
14.696 psi
 A barometer is a scientific instrument used to measure
atmospheric pressure
Gauge pressure
 The pressure measured by a gauge taking atmospheric
pressure as a reference point and it is denoted by Pg

Pg=Pabs – Patm
Absolute pressure
 If we take zero as reference point to measure the
pressure of a system it is called absolute pressure this
is actual pressure of the gas or air irrespective to the
out side atmosphere
Pabs=Patm+Pgauge
Vacuum pressure
 The pressure below the atmospheric pressure
Unit of pressure
 S.I system
 Pascal (1 pa=1 N/m2)
 C.G.S system
 Bar (1 bar = 10^5 pa)
 F.P.S system
 Pound per square inch (1psi=1ftlb/in2 = 6.894* 10^3)
Flow rate

 The volume of fluid that move in unit time through a

point is called flow rate. It is expressed in l/min
Methods of measuring flow rate
 Weight method:
 When the flow rate of the oil that weights kg per liter
is known as W kg in T seconds flow rate Q can be given
by
Q=60W/ T
 Volumetric Method:
 If the time required to fill the container of given volume
V was measured with the stopwatch T seconds ,the flow
per min is given as
Q=60V/T
Flow meters
 Various types of flow meters are:
 Direct type (based on volume measurement)
 Indirect type (based on flow measurement)
 Mass flow meter

 Units of flow rate

 Si system
 1 cumsec = 1 m3 / sec

 CGS system
 1 cusecs = 1 cm3 / sec

 FPS system
 1 ft3 / sec = 28.3 * 10^-3 cusecs
Basic terms related to hydraulics
system
 Entrained air
 The air which is mixed in a liquid in the form of fine
bubbles is called entrained air for example air mixed
with hydraulic oil which create white bubbles. Such
entrained air causes oil to lose its ability to resist
compression.
Dissolved air
 Oil is also able to dissolved air such air is not normally
visible , however when the oil is heated it appears in
the form of bubbles this is known as dissolved air.

 Aeration
 The phenomenon of mixing of air in oil in the form of
fine bubbles is known as aeration. This causes the
movement of equipment or machine employing
cylinders spongy , leading to instability
Set pressure
 It is the maximum pressure that can be applied
cautiously in other words it is pressure of relief valve. It
is also known as base pressure.
 For example set pressure of work equipment circuit of
bulldozer is 140 kg/cm2
 Set pressure of hydraulic excavator is 320 kg/cm2
Cracking pressure
 It is the pressure on which relief valve begins to open

 Pressure override
 It is the ratio between difference of “set pressure and
cracking pressure” and set pressure
Po = ( Pt – Pc ) / Pt * 100%
the smaller the over ride the better the performance of
valve
Surge pressure
 It is the maximum value of momentary rise of pressur
in hydraulic system
 For example the rise of pressure in hydraulic system due to
fall of heavy stone on bucket or blade can be termed as surge
pressure that can cause rise of pressure up to 180 kg/cm2
while the set pressure
SYMBOLS IN THE PRESSURIED
FLUID CIRCUITS
 1:- HYDRAULIC TANK
In the hydraulics the main thing is hydraulic
tank which is the reservoir of the hydraulic
oil in the circuit it can be show by following
figure
 2:- STRAINER
The next thing in the
hydraulic system is the strainer
which can filter the hydraulic oil
from the metal particles its is also
magnetic type its symbol is :-
 3:- HYDRAULIC PUMP
The next thing in the hydraulic system
is hydraulic pump it is the heart of this
system which can suck the oil from the tank
through strainer and then pressurize it and
send to the control valve its symbol is below
the arrow head show the discharge port :-
 4:- PIPING
Hydraulic pipes are the most important
things in the hydraulic system which carry
pressurize and non-pressurized oil from one
point to another point it has different
symbols e.g. solid line show solid pipes ,
dotted line show drain pipes and curve line
show hoses
 Some other symbols of the piping
are shown below which indicates
the joints and the over lapping of
the pipes
 5 :- CONTROL VALVE
Control valve is also the important
thing in the hydraulic system which give
direction to the pressurize oil coming
from the hydraulic pump to the actuator
and also the drain oil coming from the
actuator its symbols are different depends
upon its positions and ports
Some other symbols of control valve are following

This indicates the control valve

operator by the hand.
This indicates the control valve
operator by the foot.
This indicates the mechanical control
valve.
This indicates the control valve
provide by the return spring.
This indicates the control valve with
locating notch or detent.
 6 :- HYDRAULIC CYLINDER
In hydraulic system hydraulic
cylinders are used which converts
the energy obtained from the
pressurize oil into the linear force
(it may be single acting and also
double acting ) it has following
symbol
 7 :- HYDRAULIC MOTOR
Hydraulic motor converts the
hydraulic energy of the pressurized
oil into the mechanical energy
(rotary motion) it rotates in both
direction clock and anti clock wise
 8 :- MAIN RELIEF VALVE
In hydraulic system main
relief valve is use to maintain the
set pressure of the whole system if
the pressure of the system
increases it open and relief the
extra pressure of the system its
symbol shown below
 9 :- HYDRAULIC FILTER
At the end of the hydraulic
system filter is used which filter the
oil and clean it from dust and metal
particles its symbol is shown below
If the filter is choked, we can use
bypass valve with filter which give
another path to the oil by opening
bypass valve its symbol is shown
below
Some other symbols used in the hydraulic
system are following:-
This is the check valve it is
unidirectional valve.

This is the pressure gauge which

show the pressure of the system.

This is the temperature gauge

which show the temperature of
the hydraulic oil.
This is the symbol of restriction
valve which provide restriction
to the oil like fixed throttle.

This is the symbol of the

mechanical device which give
drive to the hydraulic pump it
may be engine or motor.
Lifting circuit of blade of bulldozer