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“Strange coincidence, that every man whose skull has been opened had a
brain!” Ludwig Wittgenstein
Psychology
• Psychology is the scientific study of the mind (mental processes) and
behavior.
• Psychology is a multifaceted discipline and includes many sub-fields of study
such areas as human development, sports, health, clinical, social behavior and
cognitive processes.
• Psychology is concerned with How mind (brain) is affected through behavior
and vice-versa ?
Linguistic
• Language is a system of communication in which thoughts are transmitted by
means of sounds (as in speech and music) or symbols (as in written words and
gestures).
• Linguistics is the scientific study of language.
• It involves analyzing language form, language meaning, and language in context.
• The disciplines that explore the comprehension of language and mental processing
underlying is psycholinguistics.
• Medium of language can significantly facilitate or inhibit cognitive processes
I love you (मैं तुमसे प्यार करता हूँ )
Ten एकादश दस
• The study of the brain and endocrine system and how these account for
mental states and behavior is called neuroscience.
• The attempt to explain cognitive processes in terms of underlying brain
mechanisms is known as cognitive neuroscience.
• It attempts to describe the biological "hardware" on which mental "software"
supposedly runs.
• The network approach is at least partially derived from neuroscience.
Cont.…..
• In this perspective, mind is seen as a collection of computing units.
• These units are connected to one another and mutually influence one
another's activity via their connections.
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
The Evolutionary Approach
• Evolutionary approach can be considered in a quite general way and used to
explain phenomena outside biology.
• Evolutionary psychology applies selection theory to account for human
mental processes.
• It attempts to elucidate the selection forces that acted on our ancestors and
how those forces gave rise to the cognitive structures we now possess.
• Evolutionary psychologists also adopt a modular approach to mind.
• People who came from carpentered environments—characterized by wood
or other materials arranged in straight lines, rectangular shapes, and other
such geometric relationships—would be relatively more susceptible to the
Muller- Lyer illusion (Rivers, 1905)
• People from cultures where the horizon is a part of the everyday landscape
(such as desert or plains dwellers) would be more susceptible to the
horizontal–vertical illusion than would people (such as jungle dwellers) from
cultures where the environment does not afford opportunities to view vast
distances (Segall et al., 1966)
Flynn effect graph
Linguistic Approach
• It is concerned with all questions concerning language ability, such as,
What is language?
How do we acquire language?
What parts of the brain underlie language use?
How language give rise to thoughts?
Emotion Approach
• Our conscious experience consists of emotions, such as happiness, sadness,
and anger and these emotions affects our thoughts.
• Emotion is an agent that significantly affects our cognitive processes (i.e.
attention, perception, memory, and decision making).
• We look at the neuroscience underlying emotions and the role that
evolutionary forces played in their formation.
Social Approach
• Cognition happens inside individuals, but those individuals are strongly
influenced by their social environment.
• The field of social cognition explores how people make sense of both
themselves and others.
• Thinking about people often differs from thinking about objects and that
different parts of our brains are used when thinking socially.
• Neuroscience has revealed that in laboratory animals there are specialized
cells, called mirror neurons, that are active both when an animal performs
some action and when it watches another animal or person perform that
same action.
Artificial Intelligence & Robotics Approach