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Reduction techniques
• When the detailed model of a high-rise structure
is so large and complex ,it may be preferable to
try to simplify the model provided accuracy is not
compromised.
• The reduction techniques are as follows;
Symmetry and Antisymmetry.
Two-dimensional models of nontwisting
structures.
1. Symmetrical structure consisting of parallel
bents.
2. Symmetrical structure with connected
orthogonal bents.
Two –dimensional models of structures that
translate and twist.
Lumping
1. Vertical lumping
2. Lateral lumping
Wide- column deep- beam analogies
Symmetry and antisymmetry
• A structure that is symmetric in plan about the
axis of horizontal loading can be analyzed as a
half-structure, to one side of the line of
symmetry, subjected to half the loads.
• The ends of the members cut by the line of
symmetry must be constrained to represent
the omitted half of the structure.
• That is they must be constrained against
rotation and horizontal displacement.
• A structure that is symmetric in plan about the
axis of horizontal loading behave
antisymmetrically about the axis of symmetry.
• In this case only half of the structure to one
side of the axis of symmetry and subjected to
loads of half value needs to be analysed.
Two –dimensional models of
nontwisting structures.
• The assumption that the floor slabs are rigid in
plane , which permits the horizontal
displacements of all vertical elements at a
floor level to be defined in terms of slabs
horizontal translation and rotation.
• This allows possibility of representing a 3D
structure by 2D model
Symmetrical structure consisting of
parallel bents
• A structure that is symmetric in plan and
symmetrically loaded does not twist.
• Adding to this the assumption of slab in-plane
rigidity means horizontal displacements of the
vertical components are identical.
• The identity of displacements at the floor
levels can be established in a planar model by
assembling the bents in the same plane
• The constraint can be formed in two ways
• If the analysis program has a dependent node
option ,sets of nodes one in each bent at the
same level can be assigned to have the same
horizontal displacements.
• If the dependent node option is not available
pairs of nodes at the same level in adjacent
levels may be joined by axially rigid pin ended
links.
Symmetrical structure with connected
orthogonal bents.
• structures that consist of an orthogonal
system of connected bens which are
symmetrically located about axis of horizontal
loading.
• Considering half the structure , and assuming
the bents have negligible stiffness ,
perpendicular to their planes, the structures
shear resistance in the direction of loading is
provided by bents
• The vertical interaction cause the
perpendicular bents to act as flanges to the
parallel bent and webs as part of the
structures overall flexural action.
Two- Dimensional models of structures
that translate and twist
• The assumption for analysis that the floor
slabs are rigid in their planes implies that for
an arbitrary origin and a pair of axes parallel
to the orthogonally oriented bents of a
laterally loaded structure.
• The resulting displaced location of any floor
slab can be defined in terms of the rotation of
the slab about the origin and two
displacements parallel to the axis.
• Further for the horizontal equilibrium of any
slab the external X and Y direction forces on
the slab and their combined moment about
the vertical axis through the origin must be in
equilibrium.
Lumping
• It means the combination of several of structures
similar and similarly behaving components or
assemblies of components in to an equivalent
single component or assembly in order to reduce
the size of the model for analysis.
• The resulting forces in the equivalent component
or assembly are subsequently distributed to give
the forces in the original units.
Lateral lumping
• Consider an example of symmetrically loaded
structure, therefore it is a non twisting structure,
which consists of two identical shear walls and
three identical rigid frames.
• The walls can be lumped laterally in to a single
wall with twice the inertia of an individual wall.
• The lumped wall and frame can then be
assembled as a planar model and analyzed
relatively simple.
• The resulting forces in the wall and frame of
the lumped structure are divide by two and
three respectively to give the forces in the
individual walls and frames.
Vertical lumping
• Examples of lumping occur in tall multistorey
coupled wall or rigid frame structures in which
the storey heights and beam sizes are repetitive .
• The detailed model can be simplified by vertically
combining groups of three or five beams in to
single beams at the middle beam location.
• It is advisable to leave the bottom one or two
beams and the top one or two beams of the
structure in their original locations to better
represent the localized effects at the base and
the top.
Structural elements.
• Any structure is essentially made up of only a
small number of different types of elements:
• Columns
• Beams
• Plates
• Arches
• Shells
• Catenaries
• Many of these elements can be classified
according to form (straight, plane / curve) and
dimensionality (one-dimensional / two-
dimensional/ Three- dimensional)
Columns