PL/SQL

Submitted by : Nabanita Sarkar

EMP ID : 1683049
 Introduction

 PL/SQL stands for procedural language extension to SQL.

 it helps to handle the advance error.
 Communicates natively with other oracle database objects.
 PL/SQL provides a block structure for executable units of code.
 PL/SQL block structure
 Declare ( optional) : where we declare the variables.
 BEGIN ( mandatory) : SQL statements or PL/SQL statements
 EXCEPTION ( optional) : actions to perform when errors occur.
 END (mandatory) ;

DECLARE
<declarations section>
BEGIN
<executable command(s)>
EXCEPTION
<exception handling>
END;
 PL/SQL - Data Types
 CHAR ( MAX_LENGTH)
 VARCHAR2 ( MAX LENGTH)
 NUMBER (PRECISION, SCALE)
 BINARY_INTEGER
 RAW
 DATE
 BOOLEAN
 PL/SQL VARIABLES

 Variables are declared and initialized in the declarative section of the

code block.
 It used and assigned new values in the executable section.
 Passed as parameters to PL/SQL .
 VARIABLE SCOPES ARE 2 TYPES :
1. Local variables − Variables declared in an inner block and not accessible
to outer blocks.
2. Global variables − Variables declared in the outermost block or a package
 PL/SQL LOOP

 A loop statement allows us to execute a statement or group of statements

multiple times ( PARTICULAR TIMES )
 LOOP TYPES AND DECRIPTION : There are mainly 3 types of LOOP.
1. BASIC LOOP : A loop statement allows us to execute a statement or group of
statements multiple times.
2. WHILE LOOP : Repeats a statement or group of statements while a given
condition is true. It tests the condition before executing the loop body.
3. FOR LOOP : Execute a sequence of statements multiple times and
abbreviates the code that manages the loop variable.
 BASIC LOOP STRUCTURE & EXAMPLE :

 EXAM PLE
LOOP DECLARE
Sequence of statements;
x number := 10;
END LOOP;
BEGIN LOOP
dbms_output.put_line(x);
x := x + 10;
IF x > 50 THEN exit;
END IF;
END LOOP;
dbms_output.put_line
('After Exit x is: ' || x);
END;
WHILE LOOP STRUCTURE & EXAMPLE :

WHILE condition LOOP

sequence_of_statements
END LOOP;
DECLARE
a number(2) := 10; BEGIN
WHILE a < 20 LOOP
dbms_output.put_line('value of a: ' || a);

a := a + 1;
END LOOP;
END;
FOR LOOP STRUCTURE & EXAMPLE :

FOR counter IN
initial_value .. final_value DECLARE
LOOP a number(2);
sequence_of_statements;
END LOOP; BEGIN
FOR a in 10 .. 20
LOOP

dbms_output.put_line('value of a: ' || a);

END LOOP;
END;
 PROCEDURES

 A subprogram is a program unit/module that performs a particular task.

These subprograms do not return a value directly; mainly used to perform
an action.
 CREATING PROCEDURES : A procedure is created with the CREATE OR
REPLACE PROCEDURE statement.

CREATE [OR REPLACE] PROCEDURE procedure_name

[(parameter_name [IN | OUT | IN OUT] type [, ...])] {IS | AS}
BEGIN
< procedure_body >
END procedure_name;
PARAMETER MODE :
 IN : An IN parameter lets you pass a value to the subprogram. It is a read-
only parameter. Inside the subprogram, an IN parameter acts like a
constant. It is the default mode of parameter passing. Parameters are
passed by reference.

 OUT : An OUT parameter returns a value to the calling program. Inside the
subprogram, an OUT parameter acts like a variable. The actual parameter
must be a variable and it is passed by a value.

 IN OUT : An IN OUT parameter passes an initial value to a subprogram

and returns an updated value to the caller. It can be assigned a value and
the value can be read. Actual parameter is passed by a value.
Execute standalone program :

 CREATING PROCEDURE :
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE PROCEDURE_NAME
AS
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line(‘STATEMENTS’)
END;
 EXECUTE : EXECUTE PROCEDUR
 ; DROP : DROP PROCEDURE PROCEDURE_NAME .
 FUNCTION
 Functions − These subprograms return a single value; mainly used to
compute and return a value.
 Creating a Function : A standalone function is created using the CREATE
FUNCTION statement. The basic syntax of creating a function is :

CREATE [OR REPLACE] FUNCTION function_name

[(parameter_name [IN | OUT | IN OUT] type [, ...])]
RETURN return_datatype
{IS | AS}
BEGIN
< function_body >
END [function_name];
CURSOR

 The oracle engine uses a work area for its internal processing in order to
execute an SQL statement. This work is private to SQL operations and is
called a cursor. The set of rows the cursor holds is referred to as the active
set.
 There are 2 types of cursor.
1. Implicit cursor
2. Explicit cursor
Implicit cursor and attributes
 Implicit cursor is automatically created when a query or manipulation is for
a single row.
Attributes Description

%FOUND Returns TRUE if an INSERT,

UPDATE, or DELETE statement
affected one or more rows

%NOTFOUND The logical opposite of

%FOUND. It returns TRUE if an
INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE
statement affected no rows

%ROWCOUNT Returns the number of rows

affected by an INSERT,
UPDATE, or DELETE statement
Example on Implicit Cursor :

DECLARE
total_rows number(2);
BEGIN
UPDATE table_name
statements
IF sql%notfound THEN
dbms_output.put_line(‘statements');
ELSIF sql%found THEN
total_rows := sql%rowcount;
dbms_output.put_line( total_rows || ' statement ');
END IF;
END;
Explicit cursor

 Explicit cursors are programmer-defined cursors for gaining more control

over the context area. An explicit cursor should be defined in the
declaration section of the PL/SQL Block.
 The syntax for creating an explicit cursor is −
CURSOR cursor_name IS select_statement;
Working with an explicit cursor includes the following steps −
 Declaring the cursor for initializing the memory
 Opening the cursor for allocating the memory
 Fetching the cursor for retrieving the data
 Closing the cursor to release the allocated memory
PL/SQL PACKAGES

 PL/SQL PACKAGES logically related components :

• PL/SQL types
• variables , data structures and exceptions
• Subprograms : procedure and functions
 PL/SQL PACKAGE consist of two parts :
 Specification
 A body
 Package Specification :

 The specification is the interface to the package. It just DECLARES the types,
variables, constants, exceptions, cursors, and subprograms that can be
referenced from outside the package.
 Syntax to create a package :
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE package_name AS
PROCEDURE procedure_name (statement);
END package_name;
PACKAGE BODY:
 The package body has the codes for various methods declared in the
package specification and other private declarations, which are hidden
from the code outside the package.
 he basic syntax of package body is :

CREATE OR REPLACE package package_name

as/is
Variable declaration
Subprogram bodies

BEGIN
Initialization statements
End package_name;
GUIDELINES FOR WRITING PACKAGES :

 Define the package specification before the body.

 The package specification should contain only those constructs that we
want to be public.
 Place items in the declaration part of the package body.

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