BASIC Federal Aviation

Administration

AERODYNAMICS
PART I

PRESENTED BY: Dennis H. Whitley

FAASTeam Lead Representative
NORTH FLORIDA REGION

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

BASIC AERODYNAMICS Federal Aviation
1
OCTOBER 02, 2010
Administration
 MY MOTTO
SHOW ME A PILOT THAT CAN’T
ANSWER A CORRELATIVE
QUESTION AND/OR CAN’T
PERFORM A GIVEN TASK, &
I’LL SHOW YOU A PILOT THAT
DOESN’T UNDERSTAND WHAT
HE/SHE IS TRYING TO
ACCOMPLISH.
NORTH FLORIDA REGION
BASIC AERODYNAMICS Federal Aviation
2
OCTOBER 02, 2010
Administration
 FLIGHT INSTRUCTING
MUST NOT BE THE
BY-PRODUCT OF
BUILDING FLIGHT
HOURS.

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

BASIC AERODYNAMICS Federal Aviation
3
OCTOBER 02, 2010
Administration
 BUILDING FLIGHT
HOURS MUST BE
THE BY-PRODUCT
OF FLIGHT
INSTRUCTING.
NORTH FLORIDA REGION
BASIC AERODYNAMICS Federal Aviation
4
OCTOBER 02, 2010
Administration
 SAFETY
COMMITMENT
VS
DEDICATION

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

BASIC AERODYNAMICS Federal Aviation
5
OCTOBER 02, 2010
Administration
 THIS DISCUSSION IS BASED ON
SUBSONIC AIRCRAFT AND WILL BE

“VERY BASIC”
“NO FORMULAS”
“VERY LITTLE MATH”

NORTH FLORIDA FSDO-15

AERODYNAMICS Federal Aviation
6
JANUARY 27, 2010 PART I Administration
 WE WILL TALK ABOUT
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
4 FORCES LIFT/WEIGHT/THRUST/DRAG
GROUND EFFECT
TURNING TENDENCIES
TRIM DEVICES
AERODYNAMICS OF SPINS
SLIPS/SKIDS
ADVERSE YAW
NORTH FLORIDA REGION
BASIC AERODYNAMICS Federal Aviation
7
OCTOBER 02, 2010
Administration
 WHAT IS
ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE?

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

BASIC AERODYNAMICS Federal Aviation
8
OCTOBER 02, 2010
Administration
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE IS THE WEIGHT
OF ALL THE AIR UPON THE SURFACE OF
THE EARTH.
WHAT DOES 30 hg MEANS?
HOW WAS ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE MEASURED?

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

BASIC AERODYNAMICS Federal Aviation
10
OCTOBER 02, 2010
Administration
36

T O R IC E L L I'S M E A S U R E M E N T

RYARD
ULER STICK
GLASS TUBE
1 S Q U A R E IN C H IN N E R D IA M E T E R B Y
3 5 36
I N CINCHES
H E S T A LTALL
L
TOR ICEL'S MEA SUREM ENT
RULE 1SQUAR EINCHGLAS NERDIAMSTUB TERBY
35INCH ESTAL
MERCU RY WITHMERCUONA RYNE

C O N T A IN E R
M ERCURY W IT H
M ERCURY
 36
YARD STICK
RULER
T O R IC E L L I'S
M E R C U R IA L
BARO M ETER
 36
YARD STICK
RULER
T O R IC E L L I'S
M E R C U R IA L
BARO M ETER
T O R IC E L L I'S 3 0 .0 0
M E R C U R IA L
BARO M ETER

A T M O S P H E R IC
PRESSURE

M ERCURY

SEA LEVEL
HOW WAS THE DROP
OF PRESSURE WITH
ALTITUDE VERIFIED?
 HOW WAS THE
WEIGHT OF THE AIR
DETERMINED?

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

BASIC AERODYNAMICS Federal Aviation
17
OCTOBER 02, 2010
Administration
M ER C U RY
 1 S Q U A R E IN C H

2 9 .9 2 " h g .

1 4 .7 lb s . 1 4 .7 lb s .
 WHAT
IS AN ALTIMETER?

A PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL
GAUGE

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

BASIC AERODYNAMICS Federal Aviation
20
OCTOBER 02, 2010
Administration
 FROM
FROM 20 20
15 25 15 25 SOURCE
SOURCE
10 30 10 30

5 35 5 35

0 40 0 40
HG HG

20
15 25
10 30

5 35

0 40

HG
 Kollsman
Static Window
Port
static port sea
pressure level
31.00 hg. 31.00
pressure
31.00 hg.

SEA LEVEL
static port
pressure
23.00 hg.
31.00
sea
level
pressure
31.00 hg.
 WHAT IS
ALTIMETER SETTING?
SEA LEVEL PRESSURE CORRECTED FOR
NONSTANDARD TEMPERATURE.
 WHAT IS THE MAIN REASON
THAT AN AIRPLANE IS ABLE TO
FLY?
BECAUSE OF THE WEIGHT OF
THE AIR.
In other words the
aerodynamic effect air has on
the aircraft.
NORTH FLORIDA REGION
BASIC AERODYNAMICS Federal Aviation
26
OCTOBER 02, 2010
Administration
 DEFINITION OF
AERODYNAMICS
The branch of science that
deals with the forces
produced by air flowing over
specially shaped surfaces
called airfoils.
NORTH FLORIDA REGION
BASIC AERODYNAMICS Federal Aviation
27
OCTOBER 02, 2010
Administration
IS THERE ANY THING WRONG WITH
THIS PICTURE?

TWO THINGS
THE FLOWING OF THE RELATIVE WIND
THE DIRECTION OF THE RELATIVE WIND

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

BASIC AERODYNAMICS Federal Aviation
28
OCTOBER 02, 2010
Administration
CAN WE FLY WITH A FLAT WING?
 1ST LAW:
Every object in a state of uniform motion tends to remain in that state
of motion unless an external force is applied to it.
3RD LAW:
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

AT CRUISE COSTANT ALTITUDE

NORTH FLORIDA REGION
BASIC AERODYNAMICS Federal Aviation
30
OCTOBER 02, 2010
Administration
NORTH FLORIDA REGION
BASIC AERODYNAMICS Federal Aviation
31
OCTOBER 02, 2010
Administration
MINIMUM MANEUVERING SPEED
SLOW FLIGHT

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

BASIC AERODYNAMICS Federal Aviation
32
OCTOBER 02, 2010
Administration
 STALL

PA-28 SERIES
NORTH FLORIDA REGION
BASIC AERODYNAMICS Federal Aviation
33
OCTOBER 02, 2010
Administration
WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF
FOIL?
TO PREVENT FROM BEING
SUCCESSFUL
TO THWART

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

BASIC AERODYNAMICS Federal Aviation
34
OCTOBER 02, 2010
Administration
 AIRFOIL
•Any surface designed to deflect
the airflow passing over it or
striking it, and thereby obtaining
an useful reaction

AN AIRFOIL IS AN
AIR DEFLECTOR
 HOW MANY
AIRFOILS ARE
THERE?

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

BASIC AERODYNAMICS Federal Aviation
36
OCTOBER 02, 2010
Administration
 •AIRPLANE WING.
•AILERONS.
•SLATS
•LANDING FLAPS.
•VERTICAL STABILIZER.
•RUDDER.
•HORIZONTAL STABILIZER.
•ELEVATOR/STABILATOR
•FUSELAGE.
•TRIM TABS.
•FEARING.
•PROPELLER.
•STRUTS.
•ROTOR BLADE.
NORTH FLORIDA REGION
BASIC AERODYNAMICS Federal Aviation
37
OCTOBER 02, 2010
Administration
 WHAT IS LIFT?

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

BASIC AERODYNAMICS Federal Aviation
38
OCTOBER 02, 2010
Administration
 A FORCE CREATED BY
A DEFLECTION OF AIR
AND PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL AROUND AN
AIRFOIL.
IS CALLED LIFT WHEN IT ACTS UPWARD.
WHEN IT ACTS DOWNWARD IS CALLED
NEGATIVE LIFT.
WHEN IT ACTS SIDEWAYS IS CALLED SIDE LIFT.
WHEN IT ACTS FORWARD IS CALLED THRUST

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

BASIC AERODYNAMICS Federal Aviation
39
OCTOBER 02, 2010
Administration
 HOW IS LIFT
CREATED?
AIR PASSING BY AN AIRFOIL
DEFLECTION -- ISSAC NEWTON

AIR’S CHANGE OF DIRECTION--BERNOULLI'S PRINCIPLE

PRESSURE DIFERENTIAL-- BERNOULLI'S PRINCIPLE

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

BASIC AERODYNAMICS Federal Aviation
40
OCTOBER 02, 2010
Administration
NORTH FLORIDA REGION
BASIC AERODYNAMICS Federal Aviation
41
OCTOBER 02, 2010
Administration
 WHAT’S WRONG WITH THIS PICTURE

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

BASIC AERODYNAMICS Federal Aviation
42
OCTOBER 02, 2010
Administration
NORTH FLORIDA REGION
BASIC AERODYNAMICS Federal Aviation
43
OCTOBER 02, 2010
Administration
NORTH FLORIDA REGION
BASIC AERODYNAMICS Federal Aviation
44
OCTOBER 02, 2010
Administration
CAN WE FLY WITHOUT
THE HELP OF
BERNOULLIS?

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

BASIC AERODYNAMICS Federal Aviation
45
OCTOBER 02, 2010
Administration
NORTH FLORIDA REGION
BASIC AERODYNAMICS Federal Aviation
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OCTOBER 02, 2010
Administration
NORTH FLORIDA REGION
BASIC AERODYNAMICS Federal Aviation
47
OCTOBER 02, 2010
Administration
 THRUST
•Thrust is a reaction force described
quantitatively by Newton's second and third laws.
When a system expels or accelerates mass in one
direction the accelerated mass will cause a
proportional but opposite force on that system.

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

BASIC AERODYNAMICS Federal Aviation
48
OCTOBER 02, 2010
Administration
 LIFT
•LIFT is a reaction force described quantitatively
by Newton's second and third laws. When a
system expels or accelerates mass in one
direction the accelerated mass will cause a
proportional but opposite force on that system.

•Thrust is LIFT DIRECTED FORWARD.

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

BASIC AERODYNAMICS Federal Aviation
49
OCTOBER 02, 2010
Administration
 THE PROPELLER’S DEFLECTION OF AIR

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

BASIC AERODYNAMICS Federal Aviation
50
OCTOBER 02, 2010
Administration
NORTH FLORIDA REGION
BASIC AERODYNAMICS Federal Aviation
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OCTOBER 02, 2010
Administration
NORTH FLORIDA REGION
BASIC AERODYNAMICS Federal Aviation
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OCTOBER 02, 2010
Administration
 DRAG

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

BASIC AERODYNAMICS Federal Aviation
53
OCTOBER 02, 2010
Administration
 PARASITE DRAG
FORM
INTERFERENCE

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

BASIC AERODYNAMICS Federal Aviation
54
OCTOBER 02, 2010
Administration
 INDUCED DRAG

GROUND EFFECT
COMMANDER TYSON
NORTH FLORIDA REGION
BASIC AERODYNAMICS Federal Aviation
55
OCTOBER 02, 2010
Administration
 STAGNATION AREA
UPWASH
ASSUMED RELATIVE WIND
ASSUMED LIFT
ANGLE DOWNWASH
OF ATTACK

ASSUMED RELATIVE WIND

IS THAT RIGHT?

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

BASIC AERODYNAMICS Federal Aviation
56
OCTOBER 02, 2010
Administration
 STAGNATION AREA UPWASH
RELATIVE CURRENT DOWNWASH

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

BASIC AERODYNAMICS Federal Aviation
57
OCTOBER 02, 2010
Administration
 ASSUMED
LIFT
INDUCED INDUCED
ANGLE LIFT
OF ATTACK

INDUCED RELATIVE WIND

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

BASIC AERODYNAMICS Federal Aviation
58
OCTOBER 02, 2010
Administration
 DOWNWASH
ASSUMED
LIFT
INDUCED INDUCED
ANGLE LIFT
OF ATTACK

INDUCED RELATIVE WIND

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

BASIC AERODYNAMICS Federal Aviation
59
OCTOBER 02, 2010
Administration
 DOWNWASH
ASSUMED
LIFT
INDUCED INDUCED WING TIP
ANGLE LIFT VORTICES
OF ATTACK
TOTAL ENDUCED DRAG

INDUCED RELATIVE WIND

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

BASIC AERODYNAMICS Federal Aviation
60
OCTOBER 02, 2010
Administration
 WING
THREE-DIMENSIONAL UPWASH MODIFIES
RELATIVE WIND
FLOW

DOWNWASH PULLS
BACK ON LIFT VECTOR

WING TIP VORTICES PULLS LIFT VECTOR FURTHER BACK

 DOWNWASH
ASSUMED
LIFT
INDUCED INDUCED WING TIP
ANGLE LIFT VORTICES
OF ATTACK
TOTAL ENDUCED DRAG

INDUCED RELATIVE WIND

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

BASIC AERODYNAMICS Federal Aviation
62
OCTOBER 02, 2010
Administration
 DOWNWASH
ASSUMED
LIFT
INDUCED INDUCED
ANGLE LIFT
OF ATTACK

INDUCED RELATIVE WIND

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

BASIC AERODYNAMICS Federal Aviation
63
OCTOBER 02, 2010
Administration
 ASSUMED
LIFT
INDUCED INDUCED
ANGLE LIFT
OF ATTACK

INDUCED RELATIVE WIND

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

BASIC AERODYNAMICS Federal Aviation
64
OCTOBER 02, 2010
Administration
 WASHOUT

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

BASIC AERODYNAMICS Federal Aviation
65
OCTOBER 02, 2010
Administration
WHAT DOES
THE
STABILATOR
DO?
WHAT DOES
THE
ANTI-SERVO
TAB DO?
 STABILIZED UNACCELERATED CLIMB

C
IF DESCENDING
IN A 60 ° BANK
HOW MANY G ’S?
 DYHEADRAL

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BASIC AERODYNAMICS Federal Aviation
70
OCTOBER 02, 2010
Administration
 ADVERSE
YAW

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

BASIC AERODYNAMICS Federal Aviation
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OCTOBER 02, 2010
Administration
 OVERBANKING
TENDENCIES

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BASIC AERODYNAMICS Federal Aviation
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OCTOBER 02, 2010
Administration
MANEUVERING SPEED
VA

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BASIC AERODYNAMICS Federal Aviation
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OCTOBER 02, 2010
Administration
 LOAD FACTOR

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

BASIC AERODYNAMICS Federal Aviation
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OCTOBER 02, 2010
Administration