Literature Review
Introduction
• To modify equipment (in airplanes, automobiles, a factory, etc) that is
already in service using parts
• developed or made available after the time of original manufacture.
• To replace existing parts, equipment, etc., with updated parts or syste
ms.
Problem Statement
• To reduce wastage of energy with the use of renewable energy
resources. Awareness in public about energy conservation.
Scope
• Firstly we selected a building for retrofitting in Lahore, to
make it energy efficient. We found out the best materials
and orientation according to the climate of Lahore. Then
we applied retrofitting measures like insulation, Glazed
windows, external shading, solar panels and energy
efficient Electrical equipment. We studied the effect of
these techniques on the heat load and electric load of the
building using Ecotect software which gave us the heating
and cooling loads of all the months of the year. To find out
the cost of these materials and techniques applied and then
calculate the payback period to check the feasibility of
these techniques.
Objective
The main objectives of this project are;
• To study the different techniques and materials used for
retrofitting of an existing building.
• To reduce the cooling loads of an existing building applying
different retrofitting techniques.
Methodology
Introduction Literature Review
Case
Selection of Building
Study
Software Analysis Results
Conclusions And Recommendation
Limitations
• The orientation of an existing building cannot
change, but can study the effect of orientation of
heating and cooling load. We cannot change the
exterior materials and master planning of building.
But effect of these limitations can be studied and
applied on our scope.
Name M.Mustafa Faiz
Energy Crisis In Pakistan Building Envelope Retrofitting Techniques
• Pakistan is in the midst of one of the worst energy crises in its • A building envelope is the physical separator between the • Cavity wall insulation, internal or external insulation, and
history. This is both slowing the pace of economic activity and conditioned and unconditioned environment of cladding of external and internal surfaces.
causing public unrest with prolonged outages of electricity and gas. a building including the resistance to air, water, heat, light, and
noise transfer. • Insulation and ventilation systems of Roofs.
• Installation of double or triple glazing, draught proofing of
existing glazing.
• Installation of insulation on floors.
" • New controls, occupancy sensors, Light Emitting Diode
(LED) lighting and other low energy techniques.
Solar Architecture • Use of smart meters.
• The recommended building shape should have minimum exposure to
sun. The building direction according to fig:
Thermal properties
• Wall assembly
• Roof assembly
Ventilation
• The provision of fresh air to a room, building, etc.
Benefits Of Retrofitting • "ventilation of the mines had long been mechanized • Window assembly
• Saving on capital expenditure while benefitting from new
technologies. Insulation
• Optimization of existing plant components. We studied the Three best and
• Adaptation of the plant for new or changed products. available insulating materials in
the market.
• Reduced maintainance costs and increased reliability.
Extruded polyethylene
insulation (EPE).
Reducing Heating Demand
• Limiting the exposed surface area of the building Extruded Polystyrene insulation
• Improving the insulation of the building’s fabric (EPS).
• Reducing ventilation losses Landscape Planning
• By selecting efficient heating systems with effective
• High trees on east and west side to block solar radiation and Polyurethane insulation (PU).
controls. deciduous trees are provided on south to allow winter sun.
Reducing Energy Requirement for Windows
Green Roof
• A building design that maximizes natural ventilation;
• Effective window design; • Green roofs are also introduced whose efficiency depend upon
• Use of mixed mode ventilation; the selection of plants (Marijuana).
Lighting
• Using efficient mechanical ventilation system.
• 1:Natural Lighting
Previous Researches • 2:Artificial Lighting
• Reducing Heat demand- limiting the exposed surface area • Incandescent light Solar Panels
improving insulation (30% to 35% reduce energy wastage)
reducing ventilation loads by selecting efficient heating systems Based on energy modelling, the photovoltaic system is best sized
with effective control. • Fluorescent light after all other energy saving measures has been determined.
• Reducing energy use for mechanical ventilation- selecting Photovoltaic systems are extremely durable and long lasting and
efficient fans designing the systems to reduce pressure drops their price has come down significantly. They produce DC current
• LEDs
avoid excessive air supply volumes. that is converted to AC by an inverter so it can be used for normal
• Reducing the energy requirements for ventilation- A building building uses, using net metering.
design that maximizes natural ventilation ( cross ventilation
central atria) effective window design.
• Water bodies- Absorb heat and cool air by evaporation.
• Day-lighting- Diffused sunlight allows light but not heat.
Retrofitting of an Existing Educational Building To Improve The Energy Performance Roll# B-20450
University of South Asia, Tufail Road Lahore Cantt Session 2015-2019
Retrofitting Practice
• Sealing buildings to improve their air-tightness
can cause condensation problems.
• Insulation a roof without also ventilating it can
the cause decay of timber structure.
• Internal wall insulation will remove the
benefits of thermal mass which may have a
detrimental effect on fuel usage.
• External wall insulation will prevent the
thermal store of heat from solar gain to be
utilised within the building.
• Poorly installed cavity wall insulation can
create cold spots that then have damp
problems that are extremely difficult to rectify.
• Pre-existing problems can be covered up, and
so more difficult to diagnose and rectify.
Double Glazed Windows
• Insulating glass more commonly known as
double glazing (or double pane, and
increasingly triple glazing pane), consists of
two or three glass window panes separated
by a vaccum or gas filled space to reduce
heat transfer across a part of the building
envelope.
• Insulating glass units (IGUs) are
manufactured with glass in range of thickness
from 3 to 10mm (1/8’’ to 3/8’’) or more in
special applications.
Solar shading devices
• Shading devices can significantly reduce
building heat gain from solar radiations
while maintaining opportunities for day
lighting , view and natural ventilation. The
window is often the focus of providing
shading devices, walls and roofs can also be
shaded to help in reduction of heat gains
through the opaque building envelope.
• The main purpose of shading devices
encompasses:
• 1. Thermal function to reduce solar heat
gains.
• 2. Physical Function to control views into
and out of a building reducing solar glare,
provide rain protection for opening
windows.
• 3. Aesthetics functions to express
architectural aesthetics by façade
appearance.
Name M.Mustafa Faiz
TYPES OF SOLAR SHADING DEVICES
Solar shadings
Movable Other Types
Fixed (Manual or
Automatic)
External
Intermediate Internal
External Devices
• External devices are most thermally effective approach.
These block radiation before it can engage glazing or
opaque wall or roof surfaces.
• External shading devices can be used in various forms as:
• a) Fixed conventional shading devices
• i. Horizontal shading devices exist mostly in form of roof
eves and overhangs canopies, balconies and horizontal
shelves. They generally used to combat high angle mid-
day sunshine. They are best suited to the longer southern
and northern building elevations. Vertical solar angle is
used to design the horizontal shades. These are used as;
• Projecting horizontal shelves and balconies
• Awnings
• Overhangs
• Recessed and inset windows
• ii. Vertical fins are used to indirectly block low angle sun
shine in the early mornings and late afternoons.
• iii. Egg-Crate A hybrid of two previous shading devices can
be used in most façade orientation.
Retrofitting of an Existing Educational Building To Improve The Energy Performance
University of South Asia, Tufail Road Lahore Cantt
Case-Study
Case-Study -I
Abundance access to natural light,
fresh air.
Exceptional indoor air quality
produces more energy than it
consumes through its use of 500
rooftop solar panels.
On-site water treatment.
The building functions as a living
organism such as a tree, harvesting
and producing all of its energy from
the sun and collecting only as much
rain water as it needs.
The building uses natural day
lighting and 100% renewable solar
electric power from a rooftop
photovoltaic array.
Produces over 75.000 more kwh of
electricity annually than it uses.
Case-Study -II
Daylight by a south-facing curtain wall, open
atrium, and extensive exterior and interior
windows.
Fresh air is ensured.
Low-VOC paints, adhesives, carpet, and fabrics
were specified throughout the building.
Utilization of solar radiation.
Oberlin college
Minimum exposure to sunlight
Energy-efficient design includes a long east-
west orientation.
79% total energy saving, 35% energy cost
savings, Utility rates can be crucial.
Case-Study -III
Background
constructed in 1966 and owned by Trafalgar
Platinum Fund.
5 stories with net area (NLA) of 5,400m2 `
2 star NABERS Energy Rating, as assessed `
Commonwealth tenants, with single retail
tenant leasing part of ground floor,
Willow school
Commonwealth leases were set to expire `
Existing HVAC reaching end of operational
life, unreliable and expensive to maintain ` Laupok Shopping Mall
Difficulty maintaining occupant comfort
using existing HVAC system.
Result
Improvement from 2 to 4.5 star NABERS
Energy Rating, and aiming to achieve a 5
star NABERS Energy Rating in 2013.
Improved systems monitoring through the
installation of a modern building
management system (BMS).
Annual energy cost saving of $120,000.
Increase in asset value estimated at $1.4
million.
70% reduction in annual greenhouse gas
emissions equating to 786 tonnes CO2-e.
Case-Study -IV
This solar wall will generate 410 kilo watt
energy.
Produces over 75,000 more kwh of electricity
annually than its uses.
The building uses natural day lighting and
110% renewable solar electric power from a
rooftop photovoltaic array.
With its solar panels and wind turbines
producing nearly twice as much energy as the
Center of Energy Research Development
building has used.
Roll# B-20450
Session 2015-2019
 Selection Of Building
Building Orientation

Trees are important to provide shade in the warm summer months, but can also
strave the house of natural light. Deciduous trees should be planted on the east and
south sides of building. Their canopy can provide solar shading in summer months
while in winter months; they lose their leaves to allow natural light and solar
heating of the house.

This building is situated in sher shah Road kot khawaja saeed,

Lahore. The total cover area of building is 13 kanal. The total
height of building is 36ft and the orientation is North East.

Best Orientation for Lahore

According to the weather condition of Lahore, and the latitudes, and longitudes,
the best orientation for buildings should be such that it should be facing the North
– East. It gives just the right amount of sunlight in winter and summer and it also
provides adequate sunlight for the plants and trees to grow.

Retrofitting measures Applied to the Selected Building

• Following are the major changes made into the structure of the building:
• Wall assembly
• Roof assembly
• Window assembly.

Retrofitting measures Applied to the Selected Building

Double Glazed Windows.

External Shadings.

Retrofitting of an Existing Educational Building To Improve The Energy Performance Roll# B-20450
Name M.Mustafa Faiz University of South Asia, Tufail Road Lahore Cantt Session 2015-2019
 Software Analysis
Analysis of the Selected Building:
There are a number of software’s which can be used for thermal and energy analysis of
buildings. Various software’s have been used by various researchers, experts and physicists
for the analysis of shading devices. Top most of these software’s include Energy plus. TRNsys, The model of the existing building on Ecotect. Then performed the analysis by making • Windows
ESP-r, TAS, IES-VE COMFEN, design builder , ECOTECT, REVIT, Radiance and DOE-2. For the Lahore weather data file and then making a zone and then specifying thermal zone needed • Windows are single glazed and double glazed with aluminium frame.
analysis of climate of Lahore Software ECOTECT were selected. A table comparing different and also differentiate the non-thermal zones and then applying data of partitions.
available software’s for energy simulation.

Features of Ecotect:

• Ecotect has following features.

• Hourly temperature profiles. Input of Weather and Location Data
• Hourly heat gains & loss calculations. single glaze window layer in Ecotect
• Monthly loads and discomforts calculations.
• Passive gains breakdown percentages. • Prototype models were developed for the climate of Lahore whose latitude is 31.5* and
longitude is 74.3*.
• Acoustic reflections and resonation times.
• Passive adaptive indices.
• Temperature gains comparison.
• Monthly degree days.
• Cost estimation of material applied.

Double glaze window layer in Ecotect

• Roof
• Roof is R.C.C roof with polythene sheet, mud phuska and roofing tiles.
Advantages of Ecotect:

• Model making can be done in Ecotect easily and models can be imported in it from
different softwares as well.
• It deals with system international (SI) as well as metric units.
• Results in graphical and tabular forms can be obtained from Ecotect.
• The Visualize palate in ecotect can help model making accurate by showing any mistake
Materials for Models
made in making.
• Different type of analysis can be made using Ecotect. • Walls
• All walls are of brick masonary 9 inch thick with inside plaster 3/8 inch thick and outside 3
• It imports weather data file of many cities of many countries so it can give accurate results inch thick gutka brick.
for different cities.

Prototype Model Settings

Materials Applied for Retrofitting Model

• The prototype models were developed for the analysis of double glazing and shading
devices. These prototypes were developed by using the software Autodesk Ecotect.

Retrofitting of an Existing Educational Building To Improve The Energy Performance Roll# B-20450
Name M.Mustafa Faiz University of South Asia, Tufail Road Lahore Cantt Session 2015-2019
Cooling Load Graphical Form
• The cooling load of building is shown in graphical form shown in figure:

Payback Period
The payback period is the length of time required to recover the cost of an
investment. The payback period of a given investment or project is an important
determinant of whether to undertake the position or project, as longer payback
periods are typically not desirable for investment positions. The payback period
method does not account for the time value of money. The total amount spent on
all this retrofitting measure would approximately come out to be 1.2 million
rupees. The average monthly bill of the building is 405909 Rs. So the payback
period comes out to be 1 years.

Conversion into Net Zero Energy Building

A zero energy building , also known as a zero net energy (ZNE) building, net-zero
energy building (NZEB), or net zero building, is a building with zero net-energy
consumption, meaning the total amount of energy used by the building on an
annual basis is roughly equal to the amount of renewable energy created on the
site, or by renewable energy resources elsewhere.
These buildings consequently contribute less overall greenhouse gas to the
atmosphere than similar non-ZNE buildings. They do at times consume non-
renewable energy and produce greenhouse gases, but at other times reduce
energy consumption and greenhouse gas production elsewhere by the same
amount.
So, after a period of 1 year, our retrofitted building would practically become a
zero Energy Building.

Decreasing of loads in graphical form

Name M.Mustafa Faiz

Retrofitting of an Existing Educational Building To Improve The Energy Performance
Roll# B-20450
University of South Asia, Tufail Road Lahore Cantt
Session 2015-2019