Submitted to: Dr. M.K.

Brahmi

Submitted By: Purnima Thakur

F-2018-10-D
Ph. D (Agroforestry)
 INDUSTRIAL PLANTATIONS

 Industrial plantations are actively managed for the commercial

production of forest products. Industrial plantations are usually
large-scale and Individual blocks are usually even-aged and often
consist of just one or two species. These species can be exotic or
indigenous.

 Timber plantations in Asia and the Pacific have been established

on a large scale, mainly during the second half of the twentieth
century, for different reasons, including the development of local
and regional economies, strengthening communities, strengthening
the role of women in society, protecting vulnerable ecosystems,
rehabilitating degraded environments, protecting water resources,
protecting indigenous forests, and maintaining biological diversity
 Proportion of industrial roundwood coming from forest plantations will
increase rapidly to become a major source of supply in the future as new
plantation areas come into production (World Forestry Congress, 1997).

 Sedjo (1987) predicted that by the year 2000 half of the industrial wood
produced in Latin American countries would come from forest plantations.

 Plantation expansion in India and some other Asian countries is likely to be

primarily on land that has been degraded and has become unsuitable for
agriculture, or that is in the process of degradation.
 The potential for forest plantations to partially meet demand for wood and fibre
for industrial uses is increasing. According to FRA 2000, the global forest plantation
area accounts for only 5 percent of global forest cover and the industrial forest
plantation estate for less than 3 percent. However, as an indication only, forest
plantations were estimated in the year 2000 to supply about 35 percent of global
roundwood and an increase to 44 percent anticipated by 2020 (ABARE and Jaakko
Pöyry 1999).
 If plantation development is targeted at the most appropriate ecological zones and
if sustainable forest management principles are applied, forest plantations can
provide a critical substitute for natural forest raw material supply. In several
countries industrial wood production from forest plantations has significantly
substituted for wood supply from natural forest resources.
 Forest plantations in New Zealand met 99 percent of the country's needs for
industrial roundwood in 1997; the corresponding figure in Chile was 84 percent,
Brazil 62 percent and Zambia and Zimbabwe 50 percent each. This substitution by
forest plantations may help reduce logging pressure on natural forests in areas in
which unsustainable harvesting of wood is a major cause of forest degradation and
where logging roads facilitate access that may lead to deforestation.
EXAMPLES OF SOME SPECIES USEFUL
AS PLANTATION
 1. An industrial poplar plantation (Populus simonigra) in
China
 China launched a large-scale afforestation programme to
increase forest cover after the 1949 revolution. Many
tropical developing countries increased tree planting after
the end of the colonial regimes in the 1950s and 1960s in
response to an increased awareness of the need for fuel
and industrial wood as a part of overall rural development
activities.
 The total plantation area in tropical countries in 1950 was
estimated to be only 0.68 million ha, most of which being
the area under teak in Indonesia (Lanly in FAO, 1982).
 2. Eucalyptus grandis planatation in Uganda
provides both industrial fibres and fuelwood for
household energy. These trees are now 50 years old
and the plantation is managed to produce seed.
Normal rotation for timber is 10-15 years while for
fuelwood and poles 2-6 years.
 Globally, the export of forest products valued around
247 billion US$ (FAOSTAT, 2019).
 Forest products that can be obtained from the forest
viz; industrial round wood, sawn wood, paper and
paper boards, wood-based panels and wood fuel.
Currently, the trade of the forest products increases
at a tremendous rate due to the decrease in the
relaxation of the trade barriers, income growth and
improvements in tree growth, harvest, and
manufacturing technologies.
 Globally the overall production of industrial round
wood amounted to be 1907 million m3.
 From 1993 to 2017 there is an increase in the sawn
wood production from 394.45 million m3 to 485.12
million m3.
 Wood-based panels:
 The wood-based panels product category consists of
veneer sheets, plywood (including block board),
particleboard, Oriented Strand Board (OSB) and
fiberboard.
 In 2017, global Wood-based panels production
amounted to be 401.51 million m3. Asia is the largest
producer of the wood-based panels (242.1 million m3)
in the world followed by Europe (87.22 million m3).
 In 2017, global paper and paperboard production amounted to be
412.64 million tonnes. Asia is the largest producer of the paper and
paperboard in the world with an annual production of 195.43
million tonnes
 Wood fuel: It is round wood that is used as fuel for cooking, heating
or power production and it includes wood used to make charcoal
and pellets. It includes wood harvested from main stems, branches
and other parts of trees (where these will be used for fuel) and
wood chips to be used for fuel that is made directly (i.e.in the forest)
from roundwood.
 Major producer of Wood fuel:
 In 2017, globally wood fuel production amounted to be 1,890
million m3. Among, all the continent, Asia is the largest producer of
the wood fuel with 721 million m3 followed by Africa (679 million
m3), Americas (323 million m3).
Usage of different species:

 Species for Pulpwood Industry: Fir (Abies pindrow),

Black wattle (Acacia mollissima), Albizzia lebbeck,
Morus alba (shahtoot), Blue gum (Eucalyptus
globulus), Spruce (Picea smithiana), Chir (Pinus
roxburghii), Poplar (Populus ciliata).
 Species used in Composite Wood industry:
Pterocarpus dalbergiodes (Padauk), Michelia
champaca (champa), Artocarpus hirsuta (Aini).
 Species for Sawmill Industry: Eucalyptus grandis,
Tectona grandis and Toona ciliata.
 Species used in Sports Wood Industry: Salix alba,
Celtis australis, Morus alba, Adina cordifolia.
 Species used in Pencil Industry: Juniperus virginiana,
Cedrus deodara, Cupressus spp.
 Species used in Furniture Based Industries: Dalbergia
latifolia, Tectona grandis, Juglans regia, Pterocarpus
marsupium.
 Species for Katha and Cutch Industry: Acacia
catechu, Acacia chundra.
List of some Non Timber Forest
Products (NTFPs)
 1. Animal Products: Honey, Furs.
 2. Berries and tree fruits: Cocobeans, Coconut,
Tamarind.
 3. Edible Plants: Mushrooms
 4. Nuts and Spices: Arecanut, black pepper,
Cinnamomum, Clove, Hazelnut, Nutmeg, Vanilla.
 5. Resins: Benzoin, Camphor, Rosin, Turpentine, Varnish.
 6. Oils and waxes:
 7. Gums: Gum arabic, Ghatti gum.
 Other NTFPS: Natural dyes (Henna from Lawsonia
inermis,Quinine, forage etc.
 According to the Society of American Forester’s Forestry (1998
edition), urban forestry is defined as ‘the art, science and
technology of managing trees and forest resources in and around
urban community ecosystems for the physiological, sociological,
economic, and aesthetic benefits trees provide to society.
 The strengths of the urban forestry concept include the following
characteristics:
 * Integrative, incorporating different elements of urban green
structures into a whole(the ‘urban forest’)
 * Strategic, aimed at developing longer-term policies and plans
for urban tree resources, connecting to different sectors, agendas,
and programs
 * Multidisciplinary and aiming to become
interdisciplinary,involving experts from natural as well as social
sciences
 * Participatory, targeted at developing partnerships between
stakeholders, and aimed at multiple benefits, stressing the
economic, environmental, and sociocultural benefits and services
urban forests can provide.
IMPORTANCE OF URBAN FORESTRY
 With increasing urbanization and a growing demand for
and pressures on urban green areas, the call for more
comprehensive and integrated natural resource
management emerged during the twentieth century.
 The concept of urban forestry emerged in North America in
response to increasing pressures on urban green spaces,
and in recognition of the primary role trees play within
urban green structures.
 UN (1991) figures indicate that in 1990 only 37% of the
total population of developing countries was urbanized, it is
predicted that by the year 2025 the proportion will be 61%
 The role of urban trees in ameliorating this situation might,
at first thought, appear to be small. Yet urban forestry may
provide Third World town and city dwellers with significant
environmental and material benefits.
Urban Forest Functions

 People tend to prefer outdoor recreational areas close to their

homes, urban green areas are the most popular outdoor
recreational areas.
 Urban green space can have a positive impact on physical and
mental health, for example by providing settings for physical
exercise, reducing ultraviolet radiation and air pollution, and
reducing stress.
ENVIRONMENTAL /ECOLOGICAL BENEFITS:
 Trees, shrubs and grass ameliorate air
temperatures in urban environments by
controlling solar radiations. Trees leaves
intercept, reflect, absorb and transmit solar
radiaitions.
 Summer air temperature are maintained through
evapotranspiration.
 Urban heat island effect is an important feature
in urban environment, but the presence of trees
can help ameliorate the situation.
 Woodland over a hectare absorbs 3.7 tonnes of
CO2 from atmosphere and supplies 2.5 tonnes of
oxygen.
 Reduction of dust particles (27%) by green area of
2.5 Km.
WIND PROTECTION AND AIR MOVEMENT:
TREES CAN CREATE SHELTERED ZONES BOTH
LEEWARD AND WINDWARD.

Hydrological Cycle: Trees intercept precipitation and

slow its decent to the soil surface. Increases
infiltration and decrease runoff and soil erosion.
Noise abatement: Reduction of noise from high speed
car and truck traffic in rural areas is best achieved
by tree and shrub belts (20 to 30 m) wide with the
edge of the belt within (16 to 20 m) of the center of
the nearest traffic lane.
SOCIAL BENEFITS:
 Green spaces provide a refreshing contrast to the
harsh shape,colour, and texture of buildings and
stimulate the senses with their simple colour,
sound, smell and motions. Trees serve different
communities and meet their varying needs.
TREES WITH STRIKING FLOWER COLOUR AND DIFFERENT
GROWTH HABITS ATTRACTS ATTENTION WHILE MOVING
THROUGH ROADS. HENCE FOUND USE IN ARCHITECTURAL
PURPOSES.
REGULATION OF URBAN FOREST:
 Proper planning for long term maintenance of trees.
 Initiatives to extend urban green cover, such as engagement of
NGOs, civil society, media and corporate groups are necessary to
extend urban green cover.
 The cities have to adopt tree management ordinances and
policies. There should be strict punishment against the violations
of the ordinance such as fines and/or jail.
 Species are selected by considering climate, soil type and
topography. In recent times, trees are largely planted for their
high growth rate and decorative appearance.
 Need to plant trees that provide multiple benefits to
individual and society, particularly in house compounds for
providing edible pods, flowers, fruits, leaves etc. like Mangifera
indica, Moringa oleifera, Tamarindus indica, Bauhina purpurea,
Syzygium cumini etc. and in median strips between roads for
shades and ground water recharge like Alstonia scholaris,
Thespesia populnea, Terminalia catappa etc.
 Need to identify hazardous trees regularly. Trees
with defective trunks, roots, or branches can fall,
and there is a possible risk of property damage or
even risk of personal injury. In such cases, those
hazardous trees should be removed.
 Rooftop plantation is recently developed idea for
increasing urban green cover. Green roofs not
only retain rainwater but also reduce city’s
average temperatures during the summer.
 Riverside beautification as well as tree plantation
can solve the problem of lack of space. Tree
plantation on the shores of river or water channel
can increase the urban green cover and provide
space for city dwellers.
Albizzia lebbeck
Azadirachta indica
Ficus glomerata
Putranjiva
roxburghii
Saraca indica
Tectona grandis
Terminalia arjuna
Butea monosperma
Cassia fistula
Bauhinia purpurea
Parkinsonia aculeata
 These refers to strips of trees /shrubs
planted in order to protect fields, homes,
canals or other areas from wind and blowing
soil.
 It may protect livestock from cold winds,
reduces soil erosion, and habitat for wildlife.
 Reduces evaporation from farmlands and
improves microclimate
 It may act as boundary and provides poles,
fuelwood, fruit, fodder.
 Selection of trees and suitable spacing . These are planted
at right angles to wind direction.
 It protects the area occupying 15 times the tree height
from the windbreak, whereas in upwind side, it is only 5
times of the tree height.
 Land users may favour greater number of shorter strips
and a higher proportion of small trees and shrubs which
provide products such as fodder and fuelwood.
 If the byproduct is timber, the height of windbreaks and
intervals between them can be increased.
 When interest is to protect valuable crops, the windbreaks
should be tall to obtain more protection.
 In dry areas, individual plants are widely spaced so that
they do not compete with each other for the available soil
moisture.
 Eucalyptus, Cassia, Prosopis, Leucaena, Casuarina,
Grevillea, Syzygium and Dalbergia spp.
 Shape : Typical pyramidal (Tall trees in centre and medium
sized trees in adjacent to both sides. Shrubs and grasses
may be present.
 Height : Width : Ratio of height and width of shelterbelt
should be roughly 1:10.
 Protection: Shelterbelts can provide protection upto 25 times
of their height.
 Grass Species: Saccharum spontaneum, Panicum antidotale,
Saccharum munja.
 Shrubs Species: Calotropis procera, Clerodendron
phlomoides, Cassia auriculata.
 Tree Species: Acacia arabica, Dalbergia sissoo, Eucalyptus
spp., Tamarix articulata, Prosopis juliflora.
INDIAN SCENARIO OF URBAN FORESTRY
RRESEARCH
• The city is characterised by the presence of 11 gardens
covering a total area of about 400 acres and having nearly 240
types of trees (Kohli et al., 1994). Roads of the city are mostly
identified with the type of tree species, e.g., Vigyan path with
Toona ciliata, Udyog path with Swietenia mahagoni, Dakshin
Marg with Terminalia arjuna
• The annual recreational use value of the city’s parks/gardens,
boulevards, green avenues, reserved forests and wild life
sanctuary was estimated around Rs 120 million on the 2002–
2003 price level (Chaudhry, 2006). The mean willingness to
pay (WTP) for the betterment of existing green landscape
features of the city and for creating new parks/gardens on the
part of each reasonably earning family residing in the city was
estimated around Rs 153/-per family per year.
 Kerwa Forest Area (KFA) of Bhopal city of Madhya
Pradesh state, ecosystem services like biodiversity
conservation and carbon sequestration have been
quantified. Authors have pleaded for designating
KFA as forestland from its present status of
revenue land so as to provide adequate protection
and providing essential forestry expertise for its
reforestation and sustainable management
 TERI University of New Delhi and the Department of
Environment, Government of NCT of Delhi. A total
of 56 bird species was recorded in 19 sampled
green spaces. The results exhibited a negative
relationship between the density of exotic woody
species especially Prosopis juliflora, the most
abundant woody species in the study area and bird
species diversity indicating the importance of
indigenous species in some landscapes.
35