LESSON 1:

Kinetic Molecular Model of Liquids and Solids

 C O N T E N T S TA N DA R D

The learners demonstrate an understanding how

temperature and pressure affect solubility of solutes
(solids and gases) in solvents.
 P E R F O R M A N C E S TA N DA R D S

The learners shall design a simple investigation to

determine the effect on boiling point or freezing point
when a solid is dissolved in water.
The learners design a simple investigation to
determine the effect of temperature on solubility of
sugar.
 LEARNING COMPETENCIES:

 Use the kinetic molecular model to explain properties of

liquids and solids. (STEM_GC11IMF-IIIa-c-99)

 Describe and differentiate the types of intermolecular

forces. (STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-100)

 Predict the intermolecular forces that a molecule can

possibly form. (STEM_GC11IMF-IIIa-c-101)

SPECIFIC LEARNING OUTCOMES:

At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:

 Describe the characteristic properties that

differentiate gases, liquids, and solids.

 Identify the molecular behavior responsible for

each property of gases, liquids, and solids.
SPECIFIC LEARNING OUTCOMES:

At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:

 Describe and differentiate the types of

intermolecular forces.

 Predict the intermolecular forces possible for a

molecule.
SPECIFIC LEARNING OUTCOMES:

At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:

 Rank molecules according to strength of

intermolecular forces.

 Illustrate the interactions of multiple molecules

of a compound.
K E Y WO R D S / VO C A BU L A RY:
 K E Y WO R D S / VO C A BU L A RY:

Phase
= a homogeneous part of a system in contact with
other parts of the system, but separated from these
other parts by well-defined boundaries.
K E Y WO R D S / VO C A BU L A RY:
 K E Y WO R D S / VO C A BU L A RY:

Condensed Phases

= Liquids and solids.

K E Y WO R D S / VO C A BU L A RY:
 K E Y WO R D S / VO C A BU L A RY:

Intermolecular Forces
= Intermolecular forces are attractive forces
between molecules.
Intramolecular Forces
= Intramolecular forces hold atoms together in a
molecule.
 KMT VIDEO
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Jtw8g795Us

Guide Questions:

1. What are the different statements in the Kinetic Molecular

Theory?

2. Explain the characteristic properties that can be used to describe

liquids and solids.
K I N E T I C M O L E C U L A R T H E O RY

1. All matter is made of tiny particles.

2. These particles are in constant motion.

3. The speed of particles is proportional to temperature. Increased

temperature means greater speed.

4. Solids, liquids, and gases differ in distances between particles, in the

freedom of motion of particles, and in the extent to which the

particles interact.
 MOLECULAR GEOMETRY

This refers to the three-dimensional arrangement

of atoms in a molecule.
Properties:
= melting point;
= boiling point;
= density; and
= types of reaction the molecules undergo.
 MOLECULAR GEOMETRY

For simplicity:

ABx Integer

Central Atom
 FIVE POSSIBLE
ARRANGEMENTS OF
ELECTRON PAIR AROUND
A CENTRAL ATOM
Number of Electron Pair: 2

Arrangement of Electron Pair: Linear

Molecular Geometry: : A :
Bond Angle: 180o

Examples: BeCl2; HgCl2

Cl Be Cl

Cl Hg Cl
Number of Electron Pair: 3

Arrangement of Electron Pair: Trigonal Planar

..
Molecular Geometry: Bond Angle: 120o
A
: :
Examples: BF3
F

F F
Number of Electron Pair: 4

Arrangement of Electron Pair: Tetrahedral

Molecular Geometry: Bond Angle: 109.5o

Examples: CH4
Number of Electron Pair: 5

Arrangement of Electron Pair: Trigonal Bipyramidal

Molecular Geometry: Bond Angle: 120o and 90o

Examples: NH3
Number of Electron Pair: 6

Arrangement of Electron Pair: Octahedral

Bond Angle: 90o

Molecular Geometry:

Examples: SF6
POLARITY
POLARITY
POLARITY
POLARITY
Molecules can be grouped as polar or non-polar molecules. Some
molecules are in between the two.

The arrangement or geometry of the atoms in some molecules is

such that one end of the molecule has a positive electrical charge
and the other side has a negative charge. If this is the case, the
molecule is called a polar molecule, meaning that it has electrical
poles. Otherwise, it is called a non-polar molecule.

Whether molecules are polar or non-polar determines if they will

mix to form a solution or that they don't mix well together. Also,
polar molecules are water soluble, while non-polar molecules are
fat soluble.
When two electrical charges, of opposite sign and
equal magnitude, are separated by a distance,
a dipole is established.

The shape of a molecule and the polarity of its

bonds determine the OVERALL POLARITY of that
molecule.
 ACTIVITY 1:

Instructions:
1. Draw the Lewis structures of the following molecules with the correct shape
around the central atom;
2. Indicate each bond’s polarity by drawing an arrow to represent the bond dipole
along each bond;
3. Determine the molecule’s polarity and indicate this with an arrow to represent
the dipole;
4. Circle the choice in each box to mark the molecule as polar or nonpolar.
 H2S O2 C2H4

polar or non-polar polar or non-polar polar or non-polar polar or non-polar

 ACTIVITY 2:

• Role play the three physical states – solid, liquid, gas.

The activity involves the students acting as particles (or molecules ) and
they will present their behavior and positions relative to each other in the
solid, liquid and gaseous state. Divide the class into three groups. Assign
one group to act out the solid, the second as liquid and the third one as
gas. Give the students 3 minutes to discuss among themselves how to act
the assigned state, and 2 minutes to act it. One member of the group will
explain their act.

Allow the other groups to make comments on the group acts.

ACTIVITY EXEMPLARY PROFICIENT PARTIALLY INCOMPLETE POINT
PROPFICIENT S
Concept 15-20 points 10-14 points 5-9 points 0-4 points
Has a clear picture of what Has a fairly clear picture of Has brainstormed their Little has been spent on
they are trying to achieve. what they are trying to concept, but no clear focus has brainstorming and refining a
achieve. emerged. Goals/final product concept. Unclear on the
not clearly defined. goals.

Content/ 15-20 points 10-14 points 5-9 points 0-4 points

Organization The content includes a Information is presented as The content does not present Content lacks a central
clear statement of purpose a connected theme with a clearly stated theme, is vague, theme, clear point of view
or theme and is creative, accurate, current and some of the supporting and logical sequence of
compelling and clearly supporting information information does not seem to information. Much of the
presented/communicated. that contributes to fit the main idea or appears as supporting information is
understanding the project’s a disconnected series of scenes irrelevant to the overall
main idea. with no unifying main idea. message.

Teamwork 12-15 points 8-11 points 4-7 points 0-3 points

All students on the team Most of the students on Most of the students on the Some of the team members
contributed to the the team contributed to the team contributed at some did not contribute at all to
discussion and were part discussion and were part level, but a majority of the the presentation. Low levels
of the final presentation. of the final presentation. work was done by one or two. of respect were evident
Team members showed Team members mostly within the team.
respect with each other. showed respect with each
other.

FINAL
SCORE
SMALL GROUP DISCUSSION:
Questions: (Based from the Role Play)
 Compare the properties of gases, liquids, and solids in terms of distances and

arrangement of their molecules.

 a. Compare the distances among molecules in the gas, liquid and solid and rank the

phases in increasing distance between particles.

 b. Describe the characteristic movement of the particles of gas, liquid and solid.

 c. How are the molecules of gas, liquid and solid arranged?

 d. Arrange the three phases of matter in order of increasing volume of empty space

between its molecules.

 e. Identify the property of matter that corresponds to the molecular behavior.

Fill out the table with correct responses in relation to the difference
in the of liquid, solid and gas:

Properties of Molecular Behavior

Matter Gas Liquid Solid
Volume/Shape
Density
Compressibility
Motion of
Particles
 Properties of Molecular Behavior
Matter Gas Liquid Solid
Volume/Shape Assumes volume and Fixed volume; Fixed volume; fixed
shape of container assumes shape (regardless of
shape of occupied size
part of and shape of
container. container
Density Low High High
Compressibility Easy to compress Cannot be
appreciably
compressed
Motion of Random, fast, Random, medium
Particles cover large speed,
distances limited distances
 C H A R AC T E R I S T I C P RO P E R T I E S
OF GASES

1. It assumes the volume and shape of its container.

2. Gases have low densities, and very compressible.

3. The particles of gases have very free motion.

 C H A R AC T E R I S T I C P RO P E R T I E S
O F L I QU I D S

1. It has definite volume but assumes the shape of

its container.

2. Liquids have high densities, and slightly compressible.

3. The particles of liquids slide past one another freely.

 C H A R AC T E R I S T I C P RO P E R T I E S
OF SOLIDS

1. It has definite volume and shape.

2. Solids have high densities, and virtually

incompressible.

3. The particles of solids vibrate about fixed positions.

 K M T O F L I QU I D S A N D S O L I D S

• In liquids, the molecules are so close together that there is very

little empty space between them. Liquids are much more difficult
to compress and they are much denser at normal conditions.
• Molecules in a liquid are held together by one or more types of
attractive forces. However, the molecules can move past one
another freely. Liquids can flow, can be poured and assumes the
shape of its container.
• In a solid, molecules are held tightly in position with virtually no
freedom of motion. There is even less empty space in a solid than
in a liquid.
• Solids are almost incompressible and loses definite shape and
volume.
 ACTIVITY 3: ILLUSTRATE
THE KMT OF LIQUIDS
AND SOLIDS
Hands-on activity
Suggested liquids to use: Water, ethanol, acetone, pentane
Questions to investigate:
1. How many drops of liquid can a 1-peso coin hold?
2. How long will it take for one drop of a liquid to evaporate?
Safety Precautions:
The activity should be performed in an airy or well-ventilated room.
Remind the students of the proper handling of the substances they will be using.
Avoid contact with the skin and direct inhalation of the vapors of the substances. It is
best if the students use
safety gloves, goggles and mask.
 FLOW OF PRESENTATION
AFTER THE ACTIVITY
 Discussion of the results of the activity.

 Describe the different types of intermolecular forces on your own

or you can use the video presentation to present this part.

INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

https://youtu.be/pBZ-RiT5nEE
Guide Questions:
1. What are the different types of intermolecular forces being
described in the video?
2. Describe the various intermolecular forces discussed in the video.
3. What are the factors that affect the strength of the various types
of intermolecular forces?