WALANG

FOREVER!
 EUCLID

Aristotle

ARGUMENTATION
is a recreation.
ARCHIMEDES
Topics
Types, Operations and Truth Values
of Propositions

Categorical Syllogisms, Tautologies

and Fallacies

Methods of Proof
What is a PROPOSITION?
 DEFINITION: PROPOSITION
A proposition or a statement is a declarative
sentence that is either true or false but not both.
If the proposition is true, then its truth value is
true and if it is false, then its truth value is false.

EXAMPLE: Which of the following is a proposition?

1. The sun is the center 3. What is the title of your

of the solar system. favourite song?

2. Kindly give me some 4. Kobe Bryant is a tall

sushi. person.
 4. Kobe Bryant is a tall
person.
The statement is
true and false at
HE IS NOT TALL. HE IS TALL. the same time!

DEFINITION: PARADOX
A paradox is a declarative sentence which could
neither be true, nor false, or is both true or false.
MORE EXAMPLES:
1. 0.5 is a very small
number.

2. 6 is an odd number. 7. All birds can fly.

8. Humans need oxygen to

3. Did you take a bath?
live.

4. Doctors have bad

9. Move faster.
handwriting.

5. Happy Birthday! 10. I am beautiful.

TYPES OF PROPOSITIONS
DEFINITION: SIMPLE AND COMPOUND PROPOSITION

A proposition is called simple if it contains only one

idea.
A proposition is called compound if it is composed of
at least two simple propositions joined by logical
connectives.
The propositions comprising a compound proposition
are referred to as component propositions.
EXAMPLES: SIMPLE AND COMPOUND PROPOSITIONS

1. The sun is the center of the solar system. Statements 1 and 2 are
simple propositions
2. Heart Evangelista is the wife of Sen. Chiz while statements 3 and
Escudero. 4 are compound
propositions.
3. Pres. Duterte is the 16th president while
Vice Pres. Robredo is either the 12th or the
14th vice president of the Republic of the
Philippines.

4. If the books will arrive on Thursday, they

will be distributed to the students on Friday.
 We will use
propositional
variables to represent
arbitrary
propositions.
 TYPES OF COMPOUND PROPOSITION

Type of Compound
Logical Operator Symbolic Form Read as:
Proposition
NEGATION Not
CONJUNCTION And
DISJUNCTION Or
CONDITIONAL If… then…
BICONDITION
If and only if
AL
The sum of two odd numbers is not even.
The sum of an even number and an odd number is not even.
25 is a perfect square number while 5 is one of its square roots.
Either the mall is closed on Sunday or Mary will buy her clothes at the mall.
Mary will go to church on Sunday or the mall is closed on Sunday.
Mary will buy her clothes at the mall or she will go to church on Sunday.
Unless the mall is closed on Sunday, Mary will go to church on Sunday.
If the curfew is effective today, then the police officers will arrest lawbreakers.
Teenagers are required to be home by 10PM only if the curfew is effective today.
If the police officers will arrest lawbreakers, then teenagers are required to
be home by 10PM.
The curfew is effective today only if teenagers are required to be home by 10PM.
If the curfew is effective today, then the police officers will arrest lawbreakers.

If the police officers will arrest lawbreakers, then the curfew is effective today.

If the curfew is not effective today, then the police officers will not
arrest lawbreakers.

If the police officers will not arrest lawbreakers, then the curfew is not
effective today.
We observe the words if and only if, is a necessary and sufficient condition,
etc.
BICONDITIONAL c

Examples:
1. A real number is even if and only if it is divisible by 2.
2. A polygon is a square if and only if it has four equal sides and four
equal angles.
3. An integer having the factors only 1 and itself is a necessary and
sufficient condition for an integer to be a prime number.

We will now translate some compound

propositions into symbols.
TRANSLATING COMPOUND
PROPOSITIONS INTO
SYMBOLS
 Translate each of the
following statements into
its symbolic form.
1. If the books will arrive on Thursday, they
will be distributed to the students on Friday.

ANS:
2. Two lines A and B are parallel if and only if they
are coplanar and they do not intersect.

ANS:
3. If you are interested in becoming a volunteer,
you should fill up the application form and submit
it to our headquarters or at any of our local offices.

ANS:
That’s all for today!
Thank you.