Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
What is Learning?
How do we learn?
Do we learn the same way?
Can we learn anything?
Is there one right way to learn?
What is Learning?
factors that form the definition of learning
learning is inferred from a change in
behavior/performance;
Learning results in an inferred change in memory;
Learning is the result of experience; and
Learning is relatively permanent change in behavior or
knowledge
HOW LEARNING TAKES PLACE?
Learning Theories
1. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
2. INSTRUMENTAL CONDITIONG
3. INSIGHT LEARNING
4. OBERVATIONAL LEARNING
HOW LEARNING TAKES PLACE THROUGH CLASSICAL
CONDITIONING?
1. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Proponent: Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist and Nobel
Prize winner because of his research on the digestive
system of dogs.
Was the first to conduct systematic studies on
conditional responses
How his experiment started?
-He noticed a strange phenomenon
-His dogs sometimes drooled, when no food was presented
For instances, they salivated when they saw the
assistant/attendant who normally brought their food, even
if empty-handed.
-He devised a simple experiment to determine why
salivation occurred
Three phases of the experiment of Pavlov
PHASE 1. PHASE 2. PHASE 3.
Pavlov and his associates conformed •The tone was sounded and •The tone was sounded but
that when meat powder was placed
in the dog’s mouth, the dog then the meat powder was no meat powder was
automatically salivated. They also repeated several times. presented but the dog still
confirmed that the dog did not
automatically salivate in response to (Pairing)
musical tone. The researchers had salivated.
now established the two basic • the tone always preceded
components of Pavlov’s experiment: the arrival of the meat • This time, the tone alone
(1) a quick response called a was now enough to trigger
reflex; powder
(2) a neutral stimulus that salivation
does not trigger that reflex •But had the dog learned
that relationship?
Pavlov’s experiment demonstrated what we now call
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
CLASSICAL CONDIITONING is a procedure in which a stimulus
that triggers a reflexive response until the neutral stimulus alone
comes to trigger a similar response
HOW LEARNING TAKES PLACE THROUGH CLASSICAL CONDITIONING?
The specific model for classical conditioning:
1. Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) – a stimulus that triggers a response without conditioning
UCS elicits UCR… Note: reflexive responses occur but learning has not taken place yet
2. Unconditioned Response (UCR) – the automatic, unlearned, reflexive reaction to a stimulus
3. Neutral Stimulus (NS) ---> does not elicit the response of interest
this is a neutral stimulus since it does not elicit the Unconditioned (or reflexive) Response.
The Neutral/Orienting Stimulus (NS) is repeatedly paired with the Unconditioned Stimulus (US).
5. The NS is transformed into a Conditioned Stimulus (CS); that is, when the CS is presented by
itself, it elicits or causes the response but this time the responses is now called CR (which is the
same involuntary response as the UR
the name changes because it is elicited by a different stimulus. This is written CS elicits > CR
6. Conditioned Responses (CR) – the response triggered by the conditioned stimulus (CS)
Extinction
-The gradual disappearance of a conditioned response
Reconditioning
-The relearning of a conditioned response following extinction
Spontaneous Recovery
- The temporary reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction
Stimulus Generalization
-A process in which a conditioned response is triggered by stimuli similar to the
original conditioned stimulus
Stimulus Discrimination
- A process through which people learn to differentiate among similar stimuli
and respond appropriately to each one.
HUMAN APPLICATION OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING?
HOW LEARNING TAKES PLACE THROUGH INSTRUMENTAL
CONDITIONING?
2.INSTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING
Involves a selection from many responses of the one
that habitually will be given in stimulus situation.
It allows the learning to discover his behavior affects
the environmental and vice versa
Proponents: Edward Lee Thorndike and B.F. Skinner
Edward Lee Thorndike
To Edward Thorndike, learning is the result of associations forming between stimuli and responses.
Such associations or “habits” become strengthened or weakened by the nature and frequency of the
S-R pairings.
The paradigm for S-R theory was trial and error learning in which certain responses come to
dominate others due to rewards. The hallmark of connectionism (like all behavioral theory) was that
learning could be adequately explained without referring to any unobservable internal states.
Principles
1. Learning requires both practice and rewards
2. A series of S-R connections can be chained together if they belong to the same action sequence
Transfer of learning occurs because of previously encountered situations.
3. Intelligence is a function of the number of connections learned.
HOW LEARNING TAKES PLACE THROUGH INSTRUMENTAL
CONDITIONING?
2.INSTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING
Edward Lee Thorndike
Experiment:
Imagine that you are sitting with Thorndike as he conducts these
pioneering experiments.
A cat has been placed in a "puzzle-box." The door of the box is held fast by a
simple latch. Just outside the cage is a piece of salmon on a dish.
HOW LEARNING TAKES PLACE THROUGH INSTRUMENTAL
CONDITIONING?
HOW LEARNING TAKES PLACE THROUGH INSTRUMENTAL
CONDITIONING?
HOW LEARNING TAKES PLACE THROUGH INSTRUMENTAL
CONDITIONING?
2.OPERANT CONDITIONING
B. F Skinner
Operant conditioning involves changing voluntary behaviors. A behavior response is
followed by either reinforcement or punishment. Reinforcement following a behavior
will cause the behavior to increase, but if behavior is followed by punishment the
behavior will decrease.
Operant Conditioning – a process in which responses are learned on the basis of their
rewarding or punishing consequences
HOW LEARNING TAKES PLACE THROUGH OPERANT CONDITIONING?
OPERANT CONDITIONING
There are two types of reinforcement.
Positive Reinforcement - refers to the addition of something positive. Examples of this would be
offering praise or a treat when a desired behavior is displayed
Negative Reinforcement - occurs when something undesirable stimulus is removed whenever a
behavior is displayed.
There are two types of punishment:
Positive – adding a negative consequence after an undesired behaviors is emitted to
decrease future responses.
Negative Punishment - taking away a certain desired item after the undesired behavior
happens in order to decrease future responses
HOW LEARNING TAKES PLACE THROUGH INSTRUMENTAL
CONDITIONING?
OPERANT CONDITIONING
There are two types of reinforcement.
Positive Reinforcement - refers to the addition of something positive. Examples of this would be
offering praise or a treat when a desired behavior is displayed
Negative Reinforcement - occurs when something undesirable stimulus is removed whenever a
behavior is displayed.
There are two types of punishment:
Positive – adding a negative consequence after an undesired behaviors is emitted to
decrease future responses.
Negative Punishment - taking away a certain desired item after the undesired behavior
happens in order to decrease future responses
HOW LEARNING TAKES PLACE THROUGH INSIGHT LEARNING?
3. INSIGHT LEARNING
is the discovery of relationship that lead to the solution of a problem
Hilgard (1983) defined insight as “ the process of solving a problem
through perceiving the relationship essential to its solution
Wolfgang Kohler , describe problem – solving by grasping relations,
especially if the solution is arrived at suddenly.
HOW LEARNING TAKES PLACE THROUGH OBSERVATIONAL
LEARNING?
4. OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING