INSTRUMENT

TRANSFORMER
-An Over view.
Electrical Concepts and Theories
Skeleton Chart
 Instrument Transformers
 Instrument Transformers
– Current Transformers (CT)
– Voltage Transformers, Potential
Transformer (VT, PT)

 VT/PTs are again of two types

– Magnetic/ Inductive Voltage Transformers
(MVT/IVT)
– Capacitor Voltage Transformers (CVT)
Field Instrument Transformers
Classification of CT
On the basis of winding
(Wound type)
(Bar type)
Bushing type
Ring type

On the basis of application

Measuring current transformer
Protection current transformer
Protection current transformer ( Special Purpose)
Single ratio multiple core transformer
Multiple ratio, multiple curent transformer

On the basis of insulation used

Air support
Dry type
Oil insulated
SF6 filled
 General Description of Outdoor
Current Transformers

 Outdoor CTs are basically of 3 types of

 Dead Tank with U (Hair Pin) shaped

 Dead Tank with Eye Bolt primary

 Live Tank or Inverted primary CT

Different types of CT
Different types of CT (Contd..)
Live Tank CT
Live Tank CT Contd…
1. Top cover
2. Oil level indicator
3. Oil expansion device
4. Metal box LV screen and
cores
5. Bar-type or wound type
primary
6. Paper-oil insulation
7. Porcelain insulator
8. LV screens
9. Secondary terminal box
10. Base
Dead Tank CT Hair Pin Shape
Dead Tank CT U Shape
1. Dome
2. Nitrogen filling
valve
3. Primary terminal
4. Collar
5. Porcelain
insulator
6. Primary
conductor with
insulation
7. Adaptor cylinder
8. Secondary cores
9. Base
10. Oil drain plug
Dead Tank CT Eye Bolt Shape
1. Oil filling plug
2. Dome
3. Nitrogen filling
valve
4. Collar
5. Primary terminal
6. Porcelain insulator
7. Insulated primary
8. Cover plate for tank
9. Tank
10. Secondary cores

Eye bolt design

Eye Bolt Active Part Manufacturing
Primary conductor (1,2 or 4 turns)

Primary steel pipe

Paper insulation

Seconday cores
Eye Bolt Design
Active Part Manufacturing
Magnetic Voltage Transformer
Capacitive Voltage Transformer (CVT)
 Oil expansion device

Capacitor elements

Capacitor column

Insulating oil

Insulator flange

Secondary terminal box

Inductance

MV Transformer

Damping circuit
Combined CT and PT unit
Optic Fiber CT
Application of Instrument Transformers
Current Transformer Principle

Current sensor

I2

I1
 Current Transformer Principle

Current sensor
Multiple secondary

I2

I2
I1
Voltage Transformer Principle
Voltage sensor

Magnetic circuit (core)

Primary
Windings Secondary
Windings

U1 U2
CVT Principle
CT Circuit Connection Principle
 Polarity and connection.
 Star connection circuit
R
 IR = I , angle( 0 )
 IY = I, angle (-120)
 IB = I, angle (120) R
 IR+ IY+ IB= IN

y
B
CT Circuit Connection Principle
 Delta Connection Circuit (D11)
IR = I , angle( 0 ) ,
IY = I, angle (-120)
IB = I, angle (120),
IR+ IY+ IB= IN = 0

I1 = ( IR-IY) = √3 I, angle
(30 ),

I2 = ( IY-IB) = √3 I, angle
( -90 ),

I3 = ( IB-IR) = √3 I, angle
( 150 ),
CT Circuit Connection Principle
 Delta Connection Circuit (D1)
IR = I , angle( 0 ) ,
IY = I, angle (-120)
IB = I, angle (120),
IR+ IY+ IB= IN = 0

I1 =( Iy-IR) =√3 I, angle(-

150 ),

I2 = ( IB-IY) = √3 I,angle (
90 ),

I3 = ( IR-IB) = √3 I,angle (
-30 ),
 CT Ratio Connection Principle
 Ratio by primary control
P1
Connection Sequence Current
C2
Ratio
Prim Seco
C4
C1 (C1 + C2), S1 – S2 Lowest
C6 (C3 + C4) (CTR1 )
C3 (C5 + C6)
C5
(P1 + C1), S1 – S2 Middle
(C2 + C3+C4 + C5) (2 CTR1
P1 (P2 + C6)

(P1 +C1 + C3+ C5) S1 – S2 Highest

S1 S2 (P2 +C2 + C4+ C6) (4CTR1
CT Ratio Connection Principle Contd..
Ratio by Secondary control
CT Ratio Connection Principle Contd..
Ratio by Both control
Mathematical Analysis for CTR
CTR due to Primary Link Control
Mathematical Analysis for CTR Contd..
CTR due to Secondary Link Control
Terms and Definitions used in CT
 Current ratio error:- It is the ratio of difference of
transformation ratio to the actual ratio in CT

 Phase angle error:- The angular displacement

between Secondary current and primary current

 Composite error :- The current in the circuit contains

harmonic waves, for which the error due to different
wave forms becomes composite.

 Accuracy Limiting Factor:- It is the factor of over

current above the rated current which determines the
capability of CT to maintain the error at such a condition.
Meaning 0f 5P10:- indicates that the 5% composite error
in CT is limited up to 10 times the primary current flown
in the CT.
Terms and Definitions used in CT
ISF (Instrument Safety Factor) :- limit of allowable
primary current to flow in it up to which the
instrument can work safely.

Minimum Knee Point Voltage (Vk)

It is the point over and above which, increase of
10% in excitation voltage causes increment of
exciting current of 50%

Maximum Excitation Current (Imag):- The current

required to identify the knee point voltage

Rated Burden: -The loads connected on the CT

secondary circuit are called as Burden.
CT FAILURES
CT FAILURES
Violent failure due to arcing
CT under Flames
Reasons of CT Failures
 Moisture entry into solid insulation
 Wrinkles in aluminium grading
 Opening of secondary winding
 Opening of tan delta point
 Dielectric failure due to pre-mature
ageing
 Other dielectric failures due to improper
wrapping of paper, improper flux
distribution etc.
CVT Name Plate and meaning of terms
CVT Failures
EMU Tank Transformer winding shorted
Failure of Bellow
Rusting of Coupling bolt and
moisture entry
Rusting of EMU Tank
Reasons for Failure of CVTs
 WRINKLES ON ALUMINUM FOIL
 POOR SOLDERING QUALITY
 POOR QUALITY OF PAPER (LOCAL
SOURCE)
 PINHOLES IN BELLOWS
 SNAPPING OF BELLOW CONNECTION
 OVERHEATING OF DAMPING RESISTOR
 SHORTING OF TRANSFORMER CORES
 FAILURES OF FR CIRCUIT COMPONENTS
 RUSTING OF COUPLING BOLTS (BETWEEN
FLANGE AND EMU TANK)
 RUSTING OF FLANGE
Reasons for Failure of CVTs …
 LOOSENESS OF CORE BOLTS

 SNAPPING OF CONNECTION BETWEEN PRIMARY

WINDING AND COMPENSATING REACTOR

 FAILURE OF VARISTORS PROVIDED IN

SECONDARY

 ENTRY OF MOISTURE IN CAPACITOR STACKS

 MOISTURE ENTRY DUE TO POOR GASKET

QUALITY
Application of CT connection
Examples of CT/PT Circuit
Examples of PT Circuit
 CONCLUSION

Current and Potential Transformers

are the sensors for electrical system
and play the most vital role for
protection and measurement
principle.