Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
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Systems
Wireless Communications
8/1/2006 MIMO-1
MIMO : Features
Research in MIMO
Increasing the capacity of MIMO systems
Developing systems that can operate close to the capacity
Primary applications
4-th generation wireless and High capacity LANs ( 802.11…)
3GPP release 7 and 8 (LTE)
Wireless Communications
8/1/2006 MIMO-2
MIMO Channel Model
Transmitter
With Nt TX Antennas Receiver
Total TX Power = P With Nr RX Antennas
Nt 1 Nt 2
h h h Nt N r
Channel can be deterministic, or slowly changing
Wireless Communications
8/1/2006 MIMO-3
Parallel Decomposition of MIMO Channels
~
Y U *T Y [ HX n]
U *T [UV *T X n]
(U *T U )V *T X U *T n]
~
X n~ ,
~ ~
where X V *T X ; X VX
n~ U *T n
[Note : var n~i var ni ]
N
Pi
C log 2 [1 i2 i ]; i
i 1 2
~ ~
E{ X *T X } E[ X *T X ] diag [ Pi ];
~ ~
Y X n~
Wireless Communications
8/1/2006 MIMO-4
Modeling of MIMO Fading Channel
Time delay-
spread
Wireless Communications
8/1/2006 MIMO-5
MIMO Design Criterion
Wireless Communications
8/1/2006 MIMO-6
MIMO Diversity Gain : Beamforming
Wireless Communications
8/1/2006 MIMO-7
MIMO Diversity Gain : Beamforming
y=u*Hvx + u*n
Wireless Communications
8/1/2006 MIMO-8
Diversity in MIMO
1 ≤ d ≤ dmax= MRM
Wireless Communications
8/1/2006 MIMO-9
Spatial multiplexing in MIMO: Equivalent Channel Model
2
rs : number of different
R bits/symbol
symbols N transmitted in T
Channel Symbol Space- .
Time symbol periods
coding mapping
Coding .
MT
rs = N/T
Redundancy in time
Coding rate = rc Space- time redundancy over T Non-redundant
symbol periods portion of symbols
Spatial multiplexing gain = rs
Spectral efficiency = (R*rc info bits/symbol)(rs)(Rs symbols/sec)
w
= Rrcrs bits/s/Hz assuming Rs = w
rs is the parameter of concern : 0 ≤ rs ≤ MT
Wireless Communications
8/1/2006 MIMO-12
MIMO Channel Capacity
(Static Channels)
Wireless Communications
8/1/2006 MIMO-13
MIMO Channel Capacity (Static Channels) contd..
Wireless Communications
8/1/2006 MIMO-14
MIMO Channel Capacity (Static Channels) contd..
In a static channel if the average mutual information is not known then the
rate of transmission is unknown.
In such case capacity is given by Outage capacity ( probability that
transmitted data will not be received correctly)
Pout=P(H: Blog2det[IMr + p/Mt HHH] < C)
For ZMSW, according to law of large numbers
Mt -> ∞ 1/Mt HHH =IMr., C= MrBlog2(1+p) or C= MBlog2(1+p) where M=min (Mr,
Mt )
Capacity grows linearly with M for large M [3]
As SNR increases the capacity grows linearly with M [4]
Thus even without CSIT there is a linear growth in capacity
Capacity scales with number of Rx antennas and not Tx antennas [2]
Cost of linear growth of capacity: Demodulation complexity
If not ZMSW, then beamforming can achieve channel capacity
Wireless Communications
8/1/2006 MIMO-15
MIMO Channel Capacity (Fading Channels)
Fading Channels
Channel Gain matrix experiences flat fading (H varies with time)
Channel known at Tx: Water-filling
Capacity is given in terms of ergodic capacity
Power allocation under ergodic capacity has two possibilities
Short term power constraint (Power associated with each channel realization must equal
average power constraint P )
C=EH [max Rx:Tr(Rx)=p Blog2det[Imr + HRxHH]] = EH [max pi:∑ipi≤pBlog2(1+ µi2 Pi/P ) ]
Long term power constraint (Different powers for different channel realizations)
C=max pH:E(pH)=p EH [ max Rx: Tr(Rx)=pH Blog2 det[IMr + HRxHH]
Short-term power constraint give rise to water-filling in space
Long-term power constraint allows for two-dimensional water-filling across both space
and time
Wireless Communications
8/1/2006 MIMO-16
MIMO Channel Capacity (Fading Channels)
Wireless Communications
8/1/2006 MIMO-17
MIMO Channel Capacity (Fading Channels)
Wireless Communications
8/1/2006 MIMO-18
MIMO Channel Capacity
(Fading Channels)
No CSI at the Tx or Rx
Linear growth in capacity as a function of number of antennas disappear
Capacity depends on the underlying channel model
Capacity depends on the structure of the fading process[5]
For general fading process, no multiplexing gain associated with multiple
antennas when there is no Tx or Rx CSI
Wireless Communications
8/1/2006 MIMO-19
MIMO Channel Capacity (Fading Channels)
Wireless Communications
8/1/2006 MIMO-20
MIMO APPLICATION: V-BLAST
Coder
Modulator Stream 1
Channel
Data S/P Coder
Modulator Stream 2
Source
Coder
Modulator Stream M
Wireless Communications
8/1/2006 MIMO-21
D-BLAST
In V-BLAST, there is no coding across these sub-channels: outage
therefore occurs whenever one of these sub-channels is in a deep
fade and cannot support the rate of the stream using that sub-channel.
Wireless Communications
8/1/2006 MIMO-23
Space-Time Coding contd..
It is the only orthogonal STBC that achieves rate 1. That is to say that
it is the only STBC that can achieve its full diversity gain without
needing to sacrifice its data rate.
For more than two antennas there are several Pseudo-Alamouti Codes.
They can not achieves rate 1.
Wireless Communications
8/1/2006 MIMO-25
MIMO Standards contd..
Wireless Communications
8/1/2006 MIMO-26
MIMO and OFDM
Both of MIMO & OFDM need precoding (a matrix channel into a set of
parallel independent sub-channels). In the OFDM setting, the matrix
channel is given by the circular matrix C, defined by the ISI channel
together with the cyclic prefix added onto the input symbols. In fact,
the decomposition in C Q 1Q is the SVD decomposition of a circular
matrix C, with U Q 1 and V = Q.
The important difference between the ISI channel and the MIMO
channel is that, for the former, the U and V matrices (DFTs) do not
depend on the specific realization of the ISI channel while for the latter,
they do depend on the specific realization of the MIMO channel.
Wireless Communications
8/1/2006 MIMO-27
MIMO and OFDM contd..
Wireless Communications
8/1/2006 MIMO-28
MIMO-OFDM
From: Tetsushi Abe, Takahiro Asai and Hirohito Suda, “A Practical Throughput Comparison
of MIMO-CDMA and MIMO-OFDM”, Vehicular Technology Conference, 2004.
Wireless Communications
8/1/2006 MIMO-29
MIMO Capacity: References
Wireless Communications
8/1/2006 MIMO-30