Lecture 2

Computer Systems
MOCHAMMAD ARIYANTO, ST, MT
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY
2014
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 What is Computer System
Computer hardware is composed of the following
components:
• central processing unit (CPU): manipulates the data and
controls the tasks done by the other components
• input devices: accept data and instructions and convert
them to a form that the computer can understand
• output devices: present data in a form people can
understand
• primary storage:(internal storage) temporarily stores
data and program instructions during processing
• secondary storage: The secondary storage(external)
stores data and programs for future use communication
devices: provide for the flow of data from external
computer networks (e.g., Internet, intranets) to the CPU,
and from the CPU to computer networks.
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The components of computer hardware.
A “bus” is a connecting channel.

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 Types of Computers

Supercomputer: The computers with the most

processing power
• The primary application of supercomputers has been in
scientific and military work,
• Growing rapidly in business as their prices decrease
• Large simulation models of real-world phenomena,
where complex mathematical representations and
calculations are required, or for image creation and
processing.
• Model the weather for better weather prediction,
• Test weapons nondestructively,
• Design aircraft (e.g., the Boeing 777) for more efficient
and less costly production,
• make sequences in motion pictures (e.g., Jurassic Park).
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 Types of Computers (cont’)
Supercomputer:

Supercomputers vs neural computing (X is a CPU)

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 Types of Computers (cont’)
Mainframes: are not as powerful and generally not as expensive as
supercomputers.
• Large corporations, where data processing is centralized and
large databases are maintained, most often use mainframe
computers.
• Applications that run on a mainframe can be large and complex,
allowing for data and information to be shared throughout the
organization
Midrange computers includes minicomputers and servers.
Minicomputers:
• are smaller and less expensive than mainframe computers.
Minicomputers are usually designed to accomplish specific tasks
such as process control, scientific research, and engineering
applications.
• Larger companies gain greater corporate flexibility by distributing
data processing with minicomputers in organizational units
instead of centralizing computing at one location.
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 Types of Computers (cont’)
Servers :
• typically support computer networks, enabling
users to share files, software, peripheral
devices, and other network resources.
• Servers have large amounts of primary and
secondary storage and powerful CPUs.
Microcomputers:
also called micros or personal computers (PCs),
are the smallest and least expensive category of
general-purpose computers
Desktop personal computer, Thin-client systems,
network computer, Laptop computers,
Notebooks
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 Mobile Devices
• Personal digital assistant (PDA) is a palmtop
computer that combines a fast processor with a
multitasking operating system using a pen
(stylus) for handwriting recognition rather than
keyboard input
• Tablet PC technology runs touch-sensitive
displays that you can tap with a pen, forgoing a
mouse or touch pad.
• Smartphones, cellular telephones with
microprocessor, memory, display screen, and
built-in modem. A smartphone “combines the
functionality of a PDA (or Pocket PC) with a
phone
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 Measuring Capacity
• Bit: In the binary system, each 0 or 1 is called a bit, which is short for
“binary digit.”
• Byte: To represent letters, numbers, or special characters (such as ! or
*), bits are combined into groups. A group of 8 bits is called a byte, and
a byte represents one character, digit, or other value.( in one scheme,
01000111 represents the letter “G.”) The capacity of a computer’s
memory or of a floppy disk is expressed in numbers of bytes or
multiples such as kilobytes and megabytes. (There are 256 combinations
of 8 bits available: 28 256.)
• Kilobyte: A kilobyte (K, KB) is about 1,000 bytes.(Actually, it’s precisely
1,024 bytes, but the figure is commonly rounded.) The kilobyte was a
common unit of measure for memory or secondary storage capacity on
older computers. 1 KB equals about one-half page of text.
• Megabyte: A megabyte (M, MB) is about 1 million bytes(1,048,576
bytes). Measures of microcomputer primary storage capacity today are
expressed in megabytes. 1 MB equals about 500 pages of text.
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 Measuring Capacity (Cont’)
• Gigabyte: A gigabyte (G, GB) is about 1 billion bytes(1,073,741,824
bytes). This measure was formerly used mainly with “big iron (mainframe)
computers, but it is typical of the secondary storage (harddisk) capacity of
today’s microcomputers. One gigabyte equals about 500,000 pages of
text.
• Terabyte: A terabyte (T, TB) represents about 1 trillion bytes
(1,009,511,627,776 bytes). 1 TB equals about 500,000,000 pages of text.
Some high-capacity disk storage is expressed in terabytes.
• Petabyte: A petabyte (P, PB) represents about 1 quadrillion bytes
(1,048,576 gigabytes). The huge storage capacities of modern databases
are now expressed in petabytes.
• Exabyte: An exabyte (EB) represents about 1 quintillion bytes—that’s 1
billion billionbytes (1,024 petabytes—or 1,152,921,504,606,846,976
bytes). This number is seldom used. It is estimated that all the printed
material in the world represents about 5 exabytes

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 Binary Coding Schemes
• EBCDIC: Pronounced “ eb-see-dick,” EBCDIC (Extended Binary
Coded Decimal Interchange Code) is a binary code used with large
computers, such as mainframes. It was deveoped in 1963–1964 by
IBM and uses 8 bits (1 byte) for each character.
• ASCII: Pronounced “ ask-ee,” ASCII (American Standard Code for
Information Interchange) is the binary code most widely used with
microcomputers. Depending on the version, ASCII uses 7 or 8 bits
(1 byte) for each character. Besides having the more conventional
characters, the version known as Extended ASCII includes such
characters as math symbols and Greek letters. ASCII’s 256
characters, however, are not enough to handle such languages as
Chinese and Japanese, with their thousands of characters.
• Unicode: Developed in the early 1990s, Unicode uses 2 bytes (16
bits) for each character, rather than 1 byte (8 bits).Instead of having
the 256 character combinations of ASCII, Unicode can handle
65,536 character combinations. Thus, it allows almost all the
written languages of the world to be represented using a single
character set.
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Binary Coding Schemes (Cont’)

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The Computer Case: Bays, Buttons, & Boards

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 The Microprocessor Chip

the miniaturized circuitry of a

computer processor, contained
on a small silicon chip
Transistors—key parts of a chip
The chipset—chips for
controlling information among
system components

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Recent microcomputer microprocessors
• Intel processors for Macintoshes
• Multicore processors for PCs —dual core and
quadcore
• Processors for portable devices: vidia (with its
Tegra system-on-a-chip), Qualcomm
(Snapdragon), Texas Instruments (OMAP4), Via
Technologies (the Via C7), and Intel (Atom and
Moorestown, and the forthcoming Medfield)
• Graphics processing units —specialized
processors for 3-D graphics: A graphics
processing unit (GPU) is a specialized processor
used to manipulate three-dimensional (3-D)
computer graphics
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Comparison of Some Popular Recent
Microcomputer Processors

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 Word Size

• Word size is the number of bits that the

processor may process at any one time.
• The more bits in a word, the faster the
computer.
A 32-bit computer—that is, one with a 32-bit-
word processor—will transfer data within each
microprocessor chip in 32-bit chunks, or 4
bytes at a time
A 64-bit-word computer is faster; it transfers
data in 64-bit chunks, or 8 bytes at a time.
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 The parts of the CPU
• The control unit —for directing electronic signals:
• The control unit deciphers each instruction stored in the CPU
and then carries out the instruction.
• It directs the movement of electronic signals between main
memory and the arithmetic/logic unit.
• It also directs these electronic signals between main memory
and the input and output devices.
Machine
cycle

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 The parts of the CPU (cont’)

The arithmetic/logic unit—

• for arithmetic and logical operations: The
arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) performs
arithmetic operations and logical operations
and controls the speed of those operations

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Registers—special high-speed storage areas:

• Registers are high-speed storage areas that

temporarily store data during processing
• For example, a 32-bit CPU is one in which
each register is 32 bits wide. Therefore, each
CPU instruction can manipulate 32 bits of
data

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 Buses—data roadways:

• Buses, or bus lines, are electrical data

roadways through which bits are
transmitted within the CPU and between
the CPU and other components of the
motherboard
• Intel’s Pentium chip is a 64-bit processor, as
are Intel’s dual-core and quad-core
processors. Supercomputers usually have
128-bit processors

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 RAM Chips
RAM (random access memory) chips temporarily hold
(1) software instructions and
(2) data before and after it is processed by the CPU.

Think of RAM as the primary workspace inside your computer.

When you open a file, a copy of the file transfers from the hard disk
to RAM, and this copy in RAM is the one that changes as you work
with the file. When you activate the Save command, the changed
copy transfers from RAM back to permanent storage on the hard
drive.

RAM is said to be volatile —the contents are lost when the power
goes off or is turned off.
This is why you should frequently —every 5–10 minutes, say—
transfer (save) your work to a secondary storage medium such as
your hard disk, in case the electricity goes off while you’re working.

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 Several types of RAM chips
• DRAM: The first type (pronounced “dee-ram”), DRAM (dynamic
RAM),must be constantly refreshed by the CPU or it will lose its
contents.
• SDRAM: The second type of RAM is SDRAM (synchronous
dynamic RAM),which is synchronized by the system clock and is
much faster than DRAM. Often in computer ads the speed of
SDRAM is expressed in megahertz.
• SRAM: The third type, static RAM,or SRAM(pronounced “ess-
ram”), is faster than DRAM and retains its contents without
having to be refreshed by the CPU.
• DDR-SDRAM: The fourth type, DDR-SDRAM (double-data rate
synchronous dynamic RAM),is the current standard of RAM chip
in PCs used at home; the speed is measured in megahertz. An
even faster version is DDR2 SDRAM,the most recent entry, which
is found on gaming machines and multimedia machines, where
speed is needed.

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 Two types of memory modules:
• SIMM: A SIMM (single inline memory module)has RAM chips on only
one side. SIMMs are available in either PM (fast page mode) or EDO
(extended data output) speeds, with EDO being the faster of the two.
SIMMs are more expensive than modern memory modules because
they are no longer in demand, which also makes them difficult to
obtain.
• DIMM: A DIMM (dual inline memory module)has RAM chips on both
sides. DIMMs are the most popular and common type of RAM used
today.

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 ROM chips

• ROM (read-only memory) cannot be written

on or erased by the computer user without
special equipment.
• ROM chips contain fixed start-up
instructions.
• read-only means that the CPU can retrieve
programs from the ROM chip but cannot
modify or add to those programs.

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 CMOS chips

• CMOS (complementary metal-oxide

semiconductor) chips are powered by a
battery and thus don’t lose their contents
when the power is turned off.
• CMOS chips contain flexible start-up
instructions—such as time, date, and
calendar

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 PROM & EPROM

• Programmable read-only memory (PROM)

is a memory chip on whicha program can be
stored. But once the PROM has been used,
you cannot wipe. it clean and use it to store
something else. Like ROMs, PROMs are
nonvolatile.
• Erasable programmable read-only memory
(EPROM) is a special type of PROM that can
be erased by exposing it to ultraviolet light.

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 Kinds of cache
Pronounced “cash,” cache temporarily stores instructions and data
that the processor is likely to use frequently. Thus, cache speeds up
processing.
• Level 1 (L1) cache—part of the microprocessor chip: Level 1 (L1)
cache,also called internal cache,is built into the processor chip. Ranging
from 8 to 256 kilobytes, its capacity is less than that of Level 2 cache,
although it operates faster.
• Level 2 (L2) cache—not part of the microprocessor chip: This is the kind
of cache usually referred to in computer ads. Level 2 (L2) cache, also
called external cache, resides outside the processor chip, and consists of
SRAM chips. Capacities range from 64 kilobytes to 2 megabytes. (In Intel
ads, L2 is called Advanced Transfer Cache. ) L2 cache is generally quite a
bit larger than L1 cache (most new systems have at least 1 megabyte of L2
cache) and is the most commonly cited type of cache when measuring PC
performance.
• Level 3 (L3) cache—on the motherboard: Level 3 (L3) cache is a cache
separate from the processor chip on the motherboard. It is found only on
very high-end computers, only those that use L2 Advanced Transfer Cache.

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Ports & Cables

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 Serial, Parallel, & SCSI Ports

• Serial ports :for transmitting slow data over

long distances: A line connected to a serial
port will send bits one at a time, one after
• Parallel ports —for transmitting fast data
over short distances: A line connected to a
parallel port allows 8 bits (1 byte) to be
transmitted simultaneously

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 Serial, Parallel, & SCSI Ports (Cont’)
• SCSI ports —for transmitting fast data to up to seven
devices in a daisy chain
Pronounced “scuzzy,” a SCSI (small computer system
interface) port allows data to be transmitted in a “daisy chain”
to up to seven devices connected to a single port at speeds
higher (32 bits at a time) than those possible with serial and
parallel ports

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 USB Ports
A single USB (universal serial bus) port can theoretically connect up to 127
peripheral devices in a daisy chain
• Daisy chains
• Hubs
• Wireless

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 USB Standards & Connectors
• USB 1.1: specified data rates of 1.5 Mbit/s (Low-Bandwidth) and 12
Mbit/s (Full-Bandwidth)
• USB 2.0: 2–13 times faster than USB 1.1
• USB 3.0 : 10 times faster than USB 2.0
USB connectors: There are four types of USB connectors: A, B, Mini B,
and Mini A

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 FireWire ports
• for camcorders, DVD players, and TVs: FireWire was
created by Apple Computer and later standardized as IEEE-
1394
• FireWire (IEEE-1394) is intended for devices working with
lots of data—not just mice and keyboards but digital video
recorders, DVD players, gaming consoles, and digital audio
equipment
• FireWire currently handles up to 400 megabits per second
• Like USB, FireWire is a serial bus
• FireWire handles 63 devices

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 MIDI ports
• for connecting musical instruments: A MIDI
/Musical Instrument Digital Interface
(pronounced “ mid- dee” and short for Musical
Instrument Digital Interface) port is a specialized
port used in creating, recording, editing, and
performing music.
• It is used for connecting amplifiers, electronic
synthesizers, sound cards, drum machines, and the
like.

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 IrDA, Bluetooth, Ethernet ports

• An IrDA, or infrared, port allows a computer

to make a cableless connection with
infraredcapable devices, such as some
printers. (IrDAs tands for “Infrared Data
Association)
• Bluetooth Bluetooth technology consists of
short-range radio waves that transmit up to
30 feet.
• Ethernet Ethernet is a network standard for
linking all devices in a local area network
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 Multimedia ports
• gaming consoles or camcorders (Composite
In/RCA ports);
• cable boxes, TVs, or VCRs, so you can watch and
record TV content on your computer (TV tuner/75-
ohm coaxial port);
• speakers or stereo receivers to play digital audio
(S/PDIF ports);
• digital projectors to LCD panels to display in large
format video content or a PowerPoint presentation
(DVI port);
• digital cameras to display video stored on the
cameras (S-video In port); and
• plasma or newer TV so you can view video content
streaming from the computer (S-Video Out)
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 Expansion slots, & Cards
Expansion slots are sockets on the motherboard into which
you can plug expansion cards. Expansion cards —also known
as expansion boards, adapter cards, interface cards, plug-in
boards, controller cards, add-ins, or add-ons —are circuit
boards that provide more memory or that control peripheral
devices.

Humusoft DAQ card Compatible

with MATLAB/Simulink

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 Common Expansion Cards
• PCI bus —for high-speed
connections: At 32- or 64-bits
wide, the PCI (peripheral
component interconnect) bus is a
high-speed bus that has been
widely used to connect PC
graphics cards
• AGP bus —for even higher speeds
and 3-D graphics. The AGP
(accelerated graphics port) bus,
which transmits data at twice the
speed of a PCI bus, is designed to
support video and 3-D graphics.
• PCIe Express bus —for
outperforming AGP In 2004, Intel
developed the PCIe (PCI Express)
bus , which can outperform AGP
and is more reliable.

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 Types of expansion cards

• Graphics cards —for monitors

• Sound cards —for speakers and audio
output
• Modem cards —for remote communication
via phone lines
• Network interface cards —for remote
communication via cable

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Thank You

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