Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
The development of industries led to large-scale production on the one hand and
social evils like employment and exploitation of women and child labour and the
deplorable workable conditions, the government’s attitude of complete indifference in
respect of protection of labour from such evils, on the other.
The memorial demanded: i. a complete day of rest every Saturday; ii. Half an hour’s
rest at noon; iii. Working hour no longer than 6.30 p.m., which should cease at
sunset; iv. The payment to injured worker until they recovered together with suitable
compensation, if they are permanently disabled.
According to Pandey, the important factors which have helped in the emergence and
growth of the industrial labour movement are:
While the economic hardships of workers have been present as a latent force, the
impetus for the growth of labour movement is provided by the major political
currents, particularly movement for national independence.
The failure of workers’ initial attempts to organize led them to seek the help of
philanthropists and social workers who generally came from classes higher in
economic and social status.
Early Trade Union Period (1918-1924)
The year 1918 was an important one for the Indian trade union movement.
The industrial unrest that grew up as a result of grave economic difficulties created by war.
The rising cost of living prompted the workers to demand reasonable wages for which
purpose they united to take resort to collective action.
The swaraj movement intensified the movement, widened the gulf between the employers
and the employees and brought about a mass awakening among the workers demanding
racial equality with their British employers.
The success of the Russian Revolution of 1917 created a revolutionary wave of ideas and a
new self-respect and enlightenment, and added momentum to the feeling of class-
consciousness among laborers.
The establishment of the I.L.O., in 1919, gave dignity to the working class and also an
opportunity to send a delegation to the annual conference of this body.
Immediately after the war many Indian soldiers in the British army were demobilized and
into the labour market.
The non-co-operative movement of Gandhiji during 1920-21 and his support to the demands
of industrial labour also greatly influenced the working class movement.
Left-Wing Unionism Period (1924-1934)
In 1924, a violent and long-drawn-out strike by unions led to the arrest, prosecution,
conviction and imprisonment of many communist leaders. The rapid growth of the
trade unionism was facilitated by several factors, such as:
The brutal violence and repressive measures let loose by the British government,
particularly the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, Rowlatt Act, indiscriminate arrests and
imprisonment of national leaders and Satyagrahis,
The phenomenal profits earned by the capitalists in the face of falling real wages
during the post-war period
Trade Union’s Unity Period (1935-1938)
In mid-thirties the state of divided labour movement was natural thought undesirable
and soon after the first split, attempts at trade union unity began to be made
through the efforts of the Roy Group on the basis of ‘a platform of unity’.
The division in the Indian labour movement was proving very costly for the Indian
working class. In 1933, more than 50,000 workers in Bombay city were thrown out
of employment.
The unity efforts were synchronized by a popular upheaval as evidenced by the 1937
general elections.
According to Punekar, “During the decade 1930-40 Indian trade unionism was a
divided house and the average industrial worker kept himself aloof from organized
action.”
Second World War Period (1939-1945)
The Second World War, which broke out in September 1939, created new strains in the united
trade union movement.
Hence, again a rift took place in 1941 and the Radicals left the AITUC with nearly 200 unions
with a membership of 3, 00,000 and formed a new central federation known as the Indian
Federation of Labour.
During war-time certain factors helped to enhance the status of the trade unions in the
country, namely, The government as well as employers launched a number of labour welfare
measures with a view to increase production of war materials and other essential goods and
maintain high profits.
Recognition to trade unions was accorded by many employers. This fact gave amoral strength
to the unions.
Ban was placed on the strikes and lockouts, during war-time, under the Defence of India Rules
81-A, and all disputes had to be referred to adjudication and their awards were enforced.
A Tripartite Labour Conference was convened in 1942, for the first time, to provide a common
platform for discussions and mutual understanding between the labour and the employers.
The Post-Independence Period (From 1947 to-date)
As pointed out earlier, when attempts to restructure the AITUC failed, those believing
in the aims and ideals other than those of the AITUC separated from the organization
and established the Indian National Trade Union Congress (INTUC) in May, 1947.
The HMS was launched ostensibly with a view to “keep the trade union movement
free from domination by government and political parties and the methods to be
employed were to be peaceful, legitimate and democratic.”
In 1958, the HMS and the UTUC reached an agreement to create a joint front against
the AITUC which was working inroads in their membership.
The post-war period has been made by the trade union movement in India. The most
important factors being:
Desire of workers to unite for safeguarding their interest especially to face harder
conditions for labour such as retrenchment, lay-off, etc.;
Origin:
The INTUC came into existence on 4th May, 1948, as a result of the resolution
passed on 17th November 1947, by the Central Board of the Hindustan Mazdoor
Sevak Sangh, which was a labour leader on the Gandhian Philosophy of Sarvodaya.
to make necessary arrangement for the efficient conduct and satisfactory and
speedy conclusion of authorized strikes or satyagraha;
Objectives:
Objectives: The basic objectives of the AITUC are:
to watch, promote, and further the interests, rights, and privileges of the workers in all matters
relating to their employment;
to secure and maintain for the workers the freedom of speech, freedom of press, freedom of
association freedom of assembly, the right to strike, and the right to work and maintenance;
to abolish political or economic advantage based on caste, creed, community, race or religion;
Objectives:
to establish the Bhartiya order of classless society in which there shall be secured full
employment;
to inculcate in the minds of the workers the spirit of service, co-operation and dutifulness and
develop in them a sense of responsibility towards the nation in general and the industry in
particular.
The BMS is a productivity-oriented non-political trade union. Its ideological basis is the triple
formula:
Origin
This union was founded in 1967, with the claim that “this trade union of India is not controlled by
any of the political party, employers or government.”
Objectives:
to organize and unite trade unions with the object of building up a National Central Organisation
of trade unions, independent of political parties, employers and the government, to further the
cause of labour and that of national solidarity security and defence of India, and to make the
working people conscious of their right as well as of obligations in all spheres of life;
to secure to members of trade unions full facilities of recognition and effective representation of
interests of workers and to ensure for the working people fair conditions of life and service and
progressively to raise their social, economic and cultural state and conditions;
to help in every possible way member trade unions in their fight to raise real wages of the
workers;
to endeavour to secure for members of affiliated trade unions adoption of progressive legislation
for their welfare and to ensure the effective environment of the rights and interests of members
of affiliated trade unions and for the working people in general.
Centre of Indian Trade Union (CITU)
This union was formed in 1970 when as a result of the rift in the AITUC, some members
of the Communist party seceded. About the objectives of the CITU, its constitution says:
The CITU believes that the exploitation of the working class can be ended only by
socializing all means of production, distribution and exchange and establishing a socialist
state, that is, it stands for the complete emancipation of the society from all exploitation.
The CITU fights against all encroachments on the economic and social rights of the
workers and the enlargement of their rights and liberties including the right to strike, for
winning, defending and extending the freedom of the democratic trade union movement.
In the fight for the immediate interest of the working class the CITU demands: (a)
nationalization of all foreign monopoly concerns who barbarously exploit the working
class; (b) nationalization of all concerns owned by Indian monopolists and big industry
who garner huge profits at the expenses of the workers, who exploit the people by
pegging prices at a high level and who dictate the anti-labour and anti-people policies of
the government.
The CITU fights against the repressive policy of the government towards the democratic
and trade union movement;
Comparative Study of Four Original Central Organizations
Objectives:
The INTUC aims at the Sarvodaya ideal and stands for gradual
transformation of the existing social order.
The INTUC, too, aims at placing industry under national ownership and
control in a suitable form in order to reaslise the desired order of society.
The machinery for organization of labour is practically the same under all the four organizations.
The Central Organisation itself is generally composed of a Delegates’ Assembly, a General Council, and a
Working Committee, with a division of responsibilities among them which is more or less the same in the
case of all four organizations.
Methods Used
As regards the methods of attaining the desired objectives there are some valid differences.
To achieve the objectives, the INTUC urges the placing of industry under national ownership and control
in suitable form and the full participation in its control.
On the other hand, the AITUC also strives for socialization and nationalization of the means of
production, distribution and exchange, but by more radical and violent means.
The UTUC, which was created with the avowed purpose of liberating the labour movement of its political
affiliations, is radical in nature, non-communist and anti-INTUC.
Political Affiliations
The AITUC is pro-communist. It is led by the Right CPI. Its attitude towards
the government is not entirely hostile, but of course highly critical of the
government.