10 JDBC

Chapter 14
How to use JDBC to

work with a database
Murach’s Java Servlets/JSP (2nd Ed.), C14 © 2008, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 1
Objectives
Applied
 Develop data classes that provide OR mapping and all of the
database methods that your servlets need.
 Develop servlets that use connection pooling and the methods of
your data classes.
Knowledge
 In terms of the DriverManager, Connection, Statement, ResultSet,
and PreparedStatement classes, describe what a web application
has to do to get data from a database.
 Explain how prepared statements can improve the performance of
database operations.
 Describe the use of a ResultSetMetaData object.
Objectives (cont.)
 Explain how connection pooling can improve the performance of
a web application.
 Describe OR (object to relational) mapping.
The four types of JDBC database drivers
Type 1 A JDBC-ODBC bridge driver converts JDBC calls into
ODBC calls that access the DBMS protocol. The ODBC
driver must be installed on the client machine.
Type 2 A native protocol partly Java driver converts JDBC calls
into calls in the native DBMS protocol. This conversion
takes place on the client.
Type 3 A net protocol all Java driver converts JDBC calls into a net
protocol that’s independent of any native DBMS protocol.
Then, middleware software running on a server converts the
net protocol to the native DBMS protocol. This conversion
takes place on the server side.
Type 4 A native protocol all Java driver converts JDBC calls into a
native DBMS protocol. This conversion takes place on the
server side.
How to download a database driver
 For MySQL databases, you can download a JDBC driver named
Connector/J from the MySQL web site. This driver is an open-
source, type-4 driver that’s available for free.
 For other databases, you can usually download a type-4 JDBC
driver from the database’s web site.
How to make a database driver available to an

application
 Before you can use a database driver, you must make it available to
your application. One easy way to do that is to copy the JAR file
for the driver into the JDK’s jre\lib\ext directory.
Database URL syntax
jdbc:subprotocolName:databaseURL
How to connect to a MySQL database with automatic

driver loading
try
{
String dbURL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/murach";
String username = "root";
String password = "sesame";
Connection connection = DriverManager.getConnection(
dbURL, username, password);
}
catch(SQLException e)
{
for (Throwable t : e)
t.printStackTrace();
}
How to connect to an Oracle database with
automatic driver loading
Connection connection = DriverManager.getConnection(
"jdbc:oracle:thin@localhost/murach", "scott",
"tiger");
How to load a MySQL database driver prior to JDBC

4.0
try
{
Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
}
catch(ClassNotFoundException e)
{
e.printStackTrace();
}
How to connect to a database
 You use the getConnection method of the DriverManager class to
return a Connection object.
 When you use the getConnection method, you must supply a URL
for the database, a username, and a password. This method throws
a SQLException.
 With JDBC 4.0, the SQLException class implements the Iterable
interface.
 With JDBC 4.0, the database driver is loaded automatically. This
new feature is known as automatic driver loading. Prior to JDBC
4.0, you needed to use the forName method of the Class class to
load the driver. This method throws a ClassNotFoundException.
 The connection string for each driver is different, so see the
documentation for details.
 It’s possible (though not typical) to load multiple database drivers
and establish connections to multiple types of databases.
How to create a result set that contains 1 row and
1 column
Statement statement = connection.createStatement();
ResultSet userIDResult = statement.executeQuery(
"SELECT UserID FROM User " +
"WHERE EmailAddress = 'jsmith@gmail.com'");
How to create a result set that contains multiple

columns and rows
ResultSet products = statement.executeQuery(
"SELECT * FROM Product ");
How to move the cursor to the first record in the
result set
boolean userIDExists = userIDResult.next();
How to loop through a result set

while (products.next()) {
// statements that process each record
}
ResultSet methods for forward-only, read-only
result sets
Method Description
next() Moves the cursor to the next row in the result set.
last() Moves the cursor to the last row in the result set.
close() Releases the result set’s resources.
getRow() Returns an int value that identifies the current row of
the result set.
How to return a result set and move the cursor
through it
 To return a result set, you use the createStatement method of a
Connection object to create a Statement object. Then, you use the
executeQuery method of the Statement object to execute a
SELECT statement that returns a ResultSet object.
 By default, the createStatement method creates a forward-only,
read-only result set. This means that you can only move the
cursor through it from the first record to the last and that you
can’t update it.
 When a result set is created, the cursor is positioned before the
first row. Then, you can use the methods of the ResultSet object
to move the cursor.
 The createStatement, executeQuery, and next methods throw an
SQLException. As a result, any code that uses these methods
needs to catch or throw this exception.
Methods of a ResultSet object that return data
from a result set
Method Description
getXXX(int columnIndex) Returns data from the specified
column number.
getXXX(String columnName) Returns data from the specified
column name.
Code that uses column indexes to return fields from
the products result set
String code = products.getString(1);
String description = products.getString(2);
double price = products.getDouble(3);
Code that uses column names to return the same

fields
String code = products.getString("ProductCode");
String description
= products.getString("ProductDescription");
double price = products.getDouble("ProductPrice");
Code that creates a Product object from the

products result set
Product product = new Product(products.getString(1),
products.getString(2),
products.getDouble(3));
How to retrieve data from a result set
 The getXXX methods can be used to return all eight primitive types.
Examples:
 getInt
 getLong
 The getXXX methods can also be used to return strings, dates, and
times. Examples:
 getString
 getDate
 getTime
 getTimestamp
How to use the executeUpdate method to modify
data
How to add a record
String query =
"INSERT INTO Product (ProductCode,
ProductDescription, ProductPrice) " +
"VALUES ('" + product.getCode() + "', " +
"'" + product.getDescription() + "', " +
"'" + product.getPrice() + "')";
int rowCount = statement.executeUpdate(query);
How to update a record
String query = "UPDATE Product SET " +
"ProductCode = '" + product.getCode() + "', " +
"ProductDescription = '" + product.getDescription() +
"', " +
"ProductPrice = '" + product.getPrice() + "' " +
"WHERE ProductCode = '" + product.getCode() + "'";
How to use the executeUpdate method to modify
data (cont.)
How to delete a record
String query = "DELETE FROM Product " +
"WHERE ProductCode = '" + productCode +
"'";
The executeUpdate method…

 Is an older method that works with most JDBC drivers. Although
there are some newer methods that require less SQL code, they may
not work properly with all JDBC drivers.
 Returns an int value that identifies the number of records that were
affected by the SQL statement.
How to use a prepared statement
To return a result set
String preparedSQL = "SELECT ProductCode,
ProductDescription, ProductPrice "
+ "FROM Product WHERE ProductCode = ?";
PreparedStatement ps =
connection.prepareStatement(preparedSQL);
ps.setString(1, productCode);
ResultSet product = ps.executeQuery();
How to use a prepared statement (cont.)
To modify data
String preparedSQL = "UPDATE Product SET "
+ " ProductCode = ?, "
+ " ProductDescription = ?, "
+ " ProductPrice = ?"
+ "WHERE ProductCode = ?";
connection.prepareStatement(preparedSQL);
ps.setString(1, product.getCode());
ps.setString(2, product.getDescription());
ps.setDouble(3, product.getPrice());
ps.executeUpdate();
To insert a record
String preparedQuery =
"INSERT INTO Product (ProductCode,
ProductDescription, ProductPrice) "
+ "VALUES (?, ?, ?)";
connection.prepareStatement(preparedQuery);
ps.setString(2, product.getDescription());
ps.setDouble(3, product.getPrice());
ps.executeUpdate();
To delete a record
String preparedQuery = "DELETE FROM Product "
+ "WHERE ProductCode = ?";
connection.prepareStatement(preparedQuery);
ps.setString(1, productCode);
ps.executeUpdate();
How to work with prepared statements
 When you use prepared statements in your Java programs, the
database server only has to check the syntax and prepare an
execution plan once for each SQL statement. This improves the
efficiency of the database operations.
 To specify a parameter for a prepared statement, type a question
mark (?) in the SQL statement.
 To supply values for the parameters in a prepared statement, use
the set methods of the PreparedStatement interface.
 To execute a SELECT statement, use the executeQuery method.
 To execute an INSERT , UPDATE, or DELETE statement, use
the executeUpdate method.
The SQL Gateway application after executing an
INSERT statement
The SQL Gateway application after executing a
SELECT statement
The code for the JSP (sqlGateway.jsp)
<!doctype html public
"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<title>Murach's Java Servlets and JSP</title>
</head>
<body>
<%@ taglib prefix="c"

uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core" %>
<c:if test="${sqlStatement == null}">
<c:set var="sqlStatement" value="select * from User" />
</c:if>
<h1>The SQL Gateway</h1>

<p>Enter an SQL statement and click the Execute button.
Then, information about the <br>
statement will appear at the bottom of this page.</p>
The code for the JSP (cont.)
<p>
<b>SQL statement:</b><br>
<form action="sqlGateway" method="post">
<textarea name="sqlStatement" cols="60"
rows="8">${sqlStatement}
</textarea><br><br>
<input type="submit" value="Execute">
</form>
</p>
<p>
<b>SQL result:</b><br>
${sqlResult}
</p>
</body>
</html>
The SQLGatewayServlet class
package sql;
import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
import java.sql.*;
public class SqlGatewayServlet extends HttpServlet

{
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException,
IOException
{
String sqlStatement =
request.getParameter("sqlStatement");
String sqlResult = "";
try
{
The SQLGatewayServlet class (cont.)
// get a connection
String dbURL =
"jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/murach";
String username = "root";
String password = "sesame";
Connection connection =
DriverManager.getConnection(
dbURL, username, password);
// create a statement
Statement statement =
connection.createStatement();
// parse the SQL string

sqlStatement = sqlStatement.trim();
if (sqlStatement.length() >= 6)
{
String sqlType =
sqlStatement.substring(0, 6);
if (sqlType.equalsIgnoreCase("select"))
{
// create the HTML for the result set
ResultSet resultSet =
statement.executeQuery(sqlStatement);
sqlResult =
SQLUtil.getHtmlTable(resultSet);
resultSet.close();
}
else
{
int i =
statement.executeUpdate(sqlStatement);
if (i == 0) // a DDL statement
sqlResult = "The statement executed "
+ "successfully.";
else
// an INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statement
sqlResult = "The statement executed "
+ "successfully.<br>"
+ i + " row(s) affected.";
}
}
statement.close();
connection.close();
}
{
sqlResult =
"Error executing the SQL statement: <br>"
+ e.getMessage();
}
HttpSession session = request.getSession();

session.setAttribute("sqlResult", sqlResult);
session.setAttribute("sqlStatement", sqlStatement);
String url = "/sql_gateway.jsp";

RequestDispatcher dispatcher =
getServletContext().getRequestDispatcher(url);
dispatcher.forward(request, response);
}
}
The SQLUtil class
package sql;
import java.util.*;
import java.sql.*;
public class SQLUtil

{
public static String getHtmlTable(ResultSet results)
throws SQLException
{
StringBuffer htmlRows = new StringBuffer();
ResultSetMetaData metaData = results.getMetaData();
int columnCount = metaData.getColumnCount();
htmlRows.append(
"<table cellpadding=\"5\" border=\"1\">");
htmlRows.append("<tr>");
for (int i = 1; i <= columnCount; i++)
htmlRows.append("<td><b>"
+ metaData.getColumnName(i) + "</b></td>");
htmlRows.append("</tr>");
The SQLUtil class (cont.)
while (results.next())
{
htmlRows.append("<tr>");
for (int i = 1; i <= columnCount; i++)
htmlRows.append("<td>"
+ results.getString(i) + "</td>");
}
htmlRows.append("</tr>");
htmlRows.append("</table>");
return htmlRows.toString();
}
}
Connection pooling
HttpServlet
HttpServlet-thread1 HttpServlet-thread2
ConnectionPool object
Connection Connection Connection

object object Connection object
objectConnection
object
Database
How connection pooling works
 When database connection pooling (DBCP) is used, a limited
number of connections are opened for a database and these
connections are shared by the users who connect to the database.
This improves the performance of the database operations.
 When one of the threads of a servlet needs to perform a database
operation, the thread gets a Connection object from the
ConnectionPool object to do the operation. When it is finished, it
returns the Connection object to the pool.
 Tomcat 6 includes the database connection pool that’s available
from the Jakarta-Commons project. The files for this database
connection pool are stored in the JAR file named tomcat-dbcp.jar.
To make this connection pool available to your system, you can
copy it from Tomcat’s lib directory to the JDK’s jre\lib\ext
directory.
A glassfish-resources.xml file that configures a
connection pool on Glassfish
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE resources PUBLIC "-//GlassFish.org//DTD GlassFish Applicati
Server 3.1 Resource Definitions//EN"
"http://glassfish.org/dtds/glassfish-resources_1_5.dtd">
<resources>
<jdbc-connection-pool name="java:app/emailListConnectionPool" res-
type="javax.sql.ConnectionPoolDataSource"
datasource-classname="com.mysql.jdbc.jdbc2.optional.MysqlDataSourc
<property name="ServerName" value="localhost"/>
<property name="Port" value="3306" />
<property name="DatabaseName" value="email_list" />
<property name="User" value="root" />
<property name="Password" value="1234"/>
<property name="Url"
value="jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/email_list?autoReconnect=true"/>

</jdbc-connection-pool>
<jdbc-resource enabled="true" jndi-
name="java:app/jdbc/emailListDataSource" object-type="user"
pool-name="java:app/emailListConnectionPool"/>
</resources> nd © 2008, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 35
Murach’s Java Servlets/JSP (2 Ed.), C14
A context.xml file that configures a connection pool
on Tomcat
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<Context path="/ch14email">
<Resource name="jdbc/murach" auth="Container"

maxActive="100" maxIdle="30" maxWait="10000"
username="root" password="sesame"
driverClassName="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"
url="jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/murach?autoReconnect=true"
logAbandoned="true" removeAbandoned="true"
removeAbandonedTimeout="60" type="javax.sql.DataSource" />
</Context>
A class that defines a connection pool
package data;
import java.sql.*;
import javax.sql.DataSource;
import javax.naming.InitialContext;
public class ConnectionPool

{
private static ConnectionPool pool = null;
private static DataSource dataSource = null;
private ConnectionPool()
{
try
{
InitialContext ic = new InitialContext();
dataSource = (DataSource)
ic.lookup("java:/comp/env/jdbc/murach");
}
A class that defines a connection pool (cont.)
catch(Exception e)
{
}
}
public static ConnectionPool getInstance()

{
if (pool == null)
{
pool = new ConnectionPool();
}
return pool;
}
public Connection getConnection()
{
try
{
return dataSource.getConnection();
}
catch (SQLException sqle)
{
sqle.printStackTrace();
return null;
}
}
public void freeConnection(Connection c)
{
try
{
c.close();
}
catch (SQLException sqle)
{
sqle.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
Code that uses the connection pool
ConnectionPool pool = ConnectionPool.getInstance();
Connection connection = pool.getConnection();
// code that uses the connection to work with the database
pool.freeConnection(connection);
The Email List application as it displays an error
message
The beginning of the JSP for the email interface
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC
"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<title>Murach's Java Servlets and JSP</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Join our email list</h1>
<p>To join our email list, enter your name and
email address below. <br>
Then, click on the Submit button.</p>
<p><i>${message}</i></p>
The beginning of the JSP for the email interface
(cont.)
<form action="addToEmailList" method="get">
<table cellspacing="5" border="0">
<tr>
<td align="right">First name:</td>
<td><input type="text" name="firstName"
value="${user.firstName}">
</td>
</tr>
<!-- the rest of the code for the JSP -- >
The servlet for the Email List application
package email;
import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
import business.User;
import data.UserDB;
public class AddToEmailListServlet extends HttpServlet

{
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException,
IOException
{
The servlet for the Email List application (cont.)
// get parameters from the request
String firstName
= request.getParameter("firstName");
String lastName = request.getParameter("lastName");
String emailAddress
= request.getParameter("emailAddress");
// create the User object

User user = new User();
user.setEmailAddress(emailAddress);
user.setFirstName(firstName);
user.setLastName(lastName);
String url = "";

String message = "";
if (UserDB.emailExists(user.getEmailAddress()))
{
message
= "This email address already exists<br>" +
"Please enter another email address.";
url = "/join_email_list.jsp";
}
else
{
UserDB.insert(user);
url = "/display_email_entry.jsp";
}
// store the user and message in the session

HttpSession session = request.getSession();
session.setAttribute("user", user);
request.setAttribute("message", message);
// forward the request and response to the view
RequestDispatcher dispatcher =
getServletContext().getRequestDispatcher(url);
dispatcher.forward(request, response);
}
}
The UserDB class
package data;
import java.sql.*;
import business.User;
public class UserDB

{
public static int insert(User user)
{
PreparedStatement ps = null;
String query =
"INSERT INTO User (FirstName, LastName, " +
"EmailAddress) " +
"VALUES (?, ?, ?)";
The UserDB class (cont.)
try
{
ps = connection.prepareStatement(query);
ps.setString(1, user.getFirstName());
ps.setString(2, user.getLastName());
ps.setString(3, user.getEmailAddress());
return ps.executeUpdate();
}
{
return 0;
}
finally
{
DBUtil.closePreparedStatement(ps);
}
}
public static int update(User user)
{
String query = "UPDATE User SET " +

"FirstName = ?, " +
"LastName = ?, " +
"WHERE EmailAddress = ?";
try
{
ps.setString(1, user.getFirstName());
ps.setString(2, user.getLastName());
}
{
return 0;
}
finally
{
}
}
public static int delete(User user)

{
String query = "DELETE FROM User " +

try
{
}
{
return 0;
}
finally
{
}
}
public static boolean emailExists(String emailAddress)
{
ResultSet rs = null;
String query = "SELECT EmailAddress FROM User " +

try
{
ps.setString(1, emailAddress);
rs = ps.executeQuery();
return rs.next();
}
{
return false;
}
finally
{
DBUtil.closeResultSet(rs);
}
}
public static User selectUser(String emailAddress)

{
ResultSet rs = null;
String query = "SELECT * FROM User " +

try
{
ps.setString(1, emailAddress);
rs = ps.executeQuery();
User user = null;
if (rs.next())
{
user = new User();
user.setFirstName(
rs.getString("FirstName"));
user.setLastName(rs.getString("LastName"));
user.setEmailAddress(
rs.getString("EmailAddress"));
}
return user;
}
catch (SQLException e){
return null;
}
finally
{
DBUtil.closeResultSet(rs);
}
}
}
The DBUtil class
package data;
import java.sql.*;
public class DBUtil

{
public static void closeStatement(Statement s)
{
try
{
if (s != null)
s.close();
}
{
}
}
The DBUtil class (cont.)
public static void closePreparedStatement(Statement ps)
{
try
{
if (ps != null)
ps.close();
}
{
}
}
The DBUtil class (cont.)
public static void closeResultSet(ResultSet rs)
{
try
{
if (rs != null)
rs.close();
}
{
}
}
}

10 JDBC

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10 JDBC

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Chapter 14

How to use JDBC to

How to make a database driver available to an

How to connect to a MySQL database with automatic

How to load a MySQL database driver prior to JDBC

How to create a result set that contains multiple

How to loop through a result set

Code that uses column names to return the same

Code that creates a Product object from the

The executeUpdate method…

<%@ taglib prefix="c"

<h1>The SQL Gateway</h1>

public class SqlGatewayServlet extends HttpServlet

// parse the SQL string

HttpSession session = request.getSession();

String url = "/sql_gateway.jsp";

public class SQLUtil

Connection Connection Connection

<Resource name="jdbc/murach" auth="Container"

public class ConnectionPool

public static ConnectionPool getInstance()

// code that uses the connection to work with the database

<!-- the rest of the code for the JSP -- >

public class AddToEmailListServlet extends HttpServlet

// create the User object

String url = "";

// store the user and message in the session

public class UserDB

String query = "UPDATE User SET " +

public static int delete(User user)

String query = "DELETE FROM User " +

String query = "SELECT EmailAddress FROM User " +

public static User selectUser(String emailAddress)

String query = "SELECT * FROM User " +

public class DBUtil

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