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K. FUNGI
 Nutrition
 Heterotrophic eukaryote
 Absorptive mode of nutrition: hydrolytic
enzymes
 Saprobic fungi- feed on dead/ non-living
organisms
 Parasitic fungi- feed on nutrients from living
hosts
 Mutualistic fungi- food from other organisms
but reciprocate with functions beneficial to
others
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K. FUNGI
 Form
 Unicellular: yeast
 Filamentous: molds
 Complex multicellular: mushrooms
 Structure
 Cell wall: chitin
 Hyphae (filaments): can be septate hyphae or
coenocytic hyphae
 Mycelium (network of several hyphae)
 Haustoria (nutrient absorbing hyphal tips that
penetrate tissue of hosts)
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K. FUNGI
 Reproduction
 Asexual: binary fission/ budding as in yeast
 Sexual: spore formation
 Syngamy: sexual union of 2 cells from different
individual ; with 2 stages: plasmogamy and
karyogamy
 Haplontic life cycle: adult: haploid

 3 divisions
 Division Zygomycota – zygospore fungi
 Division Ascomycota – sac fungi
 Division Basidiomycota – club fungi
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K. FUNGI
Division Organism
Fungi Zygomycota Rhizopus stolonifer
Ascomycota Schizosaccharomyces
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Aspergillus niger
Penicillium notatum
Cookeina
Basidiomycota Auricularia
Dictyophora, Fomes
Polyporus
Lycoperdon
Lichens Crustose Paint-smear- like
Fruticose Shrub-like
Foliose Leaf-like
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Division Zygomycota
 Terrestrial, thrive on soil with
decaying plant and animal materials
 Hyphae: coenocytic; reproductive
structure: septated
 Asexual reproduction: spores
(sporangium and sporangiophore)
 Sexual reproduction: zygospores
 Rhizopus stolonifer (black bread mold)
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Division Zygomycota

sporangium

zygospore
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Division Zygomycota

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Division Ascomycota
 Schizosaccharomyces and Saccharomyces:
Yeast
 unicellular members; one reproduces through
fission, the other by budding
 economic uses: bread-making, beer-making
(alcohol fermentation)
 Aspergillus niger and Penicillium notatum:
ascomycetous mold fungi
 economic uses: cheese flavor, citric and
organic acids, antibiotics (penicillin);
aspergillosis (lung disease), mold spoilage
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Division Ascomycota
 Hyphae/ mycelium: septated
 Asexual reproduction: conidia (conidiophore)
 Cookeina: cup fungus
 sexual reproduction: ascospores (fruiting body:
ascocarp with sac-like structures: ascus/asci

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ascospores
Division Ascomycota

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Division Basidiomycota
 Also known as the club fungi
 Ecological importance: decomposition of
plant litter
 Asexual reproduction: basidiospores (n)
 Outside the club-shaped spore producing:
basidia within the basidiocarp
 Complex fungi: jelly fungus (Auricularia),
pore fungus (Dictyophora, Fomes), gill
fungus (Polyporus), puffball fungi
(Lycoperdon, Calvatia)
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 Division Basidiomycota
basidiospore

basidia

gill
Cap/ pileus
Annulus/ ring

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Division Basidiomycota

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Division Basidiomycota

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Relationships with fungi
 LICHENs
 SYMBIOTIC relationship between a fungi
and an algae (cyanobacteria) or green alga
 Efficient in acquiring nutrients even at low
moisture or low temperature; also good in
abrorbing pollutants, and therefore cannot
survive polluted areas--- bio-indicator of
pollution

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Foliose lichens

 Leaf-like

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Fruticose lichens
 Shrub-like

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 Crustose lichens
 Flaky or crust-like

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Relationships with fungi
 Mycorrhizae
 Fungus roots
 Mutualistic relationship between soil
fungi and roots of most plants
 Plants with mycorrhizae grow more
successfully in poor soils– the
relationship helps plants to acquire more
mineral nutrients, in turn, the fungi get
some carbohydrates
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end

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