1

PRESENTATION

on

hybrid rice improvement in india

Presented by:
Nishant Dhama

Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding

12/19/201
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Contents
 Introduction
 Brief History of Hybrid Rice
 Male Sterility in Rice
 Hybrid Rice Programe in India
 Hybrid Rice Breeding Programme in India
 Future Prospects of Hybrid Rice technology
 Conclusion
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Introduction
• Rice (Oryza sativa L. 2n = 2x = 24) is the world’s most important food crop
after wheat and maize.
• First hybrid rice combination were put into commercial production in China
in 1976.
• The father of hybrid rice “Long Ping Yuan”.
• India is the first country after China to exploit the hybrid rice technology on
a commercial scale.
• India’s hybrid rice project was started in the late 1980’s.
• Hybrid rice research conducted in 12 rice research centres of India.
• In India APRH-1 is the first hybrid rice variety released in 1994.
• About 76 hybrids rice varieties released in India till now.
• About 20% yield advantage of hybrid rice than commercial/check12/19/201
varieties.
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What is Hybrid Rice?

The first generation offspring of a rice cross between two genetically diverse parents
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Continue..

Hybrid rice is the commercial rice crop grown

from F1 seeds of cross between two genetically
dissimilar parents.

 Good rice hybrids have the potential of

yielding 15-20% more than the best pure line
variety grown under similar conditions.
 To exploit the benefits of hybrid rice, farmers
have to buy fresh seeds every cropping season.
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How hybrid rice…..

Normal Rice Spikelet Sterile Rice Spikelet Hybrid Seed Production

(self pollinated crop) (Male Sterility) (Male Sterile x Normal Rice)

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“A Success Story of Hybrid Rice in China”

Historical Development

1964: Research on hybrid rice

started
1970: A wild rice with aborted
pollen was identified
1974: First set of hybrids was
developed
1976: Hybrid rice released to the
farmers
~15 m ha (53%) area came under
Prof. Yuan, Long Ping (left),
hybrid rice 12/19/201
Father of Hybrid Rice
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Brief history
1926 - Heterosis in rice reported
1964 - China started hybrid rice research
1970 - China discovered a commercially usable genetic tool for
hybrid rice (male sterility in a wild rice = Wide Abortive )
1973 - PTGMS rice was found in China
1974 - First commercial three-line rice hybrid released in China
1976 - Large scale hybrid rice commercialization began in China
1979 - IRRI revived research on hybrid rice
1981 - PTGMS rice genetics and application was confirmed
1982 - Yield superiority of rice hybrids in the tropics confirmed
(IRRI)
1990s - India and Vietnam started hybrid rice programs with IRRI
1991 - More than 50% of China’s riceland planted to hybrids
1994 - First commercial two-line rice hybrid released in China
1994 - 1998 - Commercial rice hybrids released in India, Philippines
Vietnam
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Why needed Hybrid Rice ?

 Maximum Production
 Drought Resistance
 Disease Resistance
 Insect Resistance
 Resistance for Environmetal conditions
(pH, Temp., Nutrients toxicity etc.)

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Continue ………..

 Yield levels of semi-dwarf varieties of the green revolution

era have plateaued.
 Demand for rice is rapidly increasing with the increase in
population, specially in low developed countries.
 Hybrid rice variety has shown 15-20% higher yield
potential than pure line rice varieties under farmers field
conditions.
 Hybrids have shown their ability to perform better under
adverse conditions of drought and salinity.

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Development of hybrid rice

Rice is strictly self-pollinated crop. Therefore for developing

commercial rice hybrids, use of a male sterility system is essential.
Male sterility by genetic or non-genetic makes the pollen unviable
and such rice spikelets are incapable of setting seeds through selfing.
Thus a male sterile line can be used a female parent of a hybrid.

The seed set on male sterile parents is the hybrid seed which is used
for growing the commercial hybrid crop.

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Male Sterility in Rice

Male sterility:
The following genetic and non-genetic male sterility systems-
Genetic and Non-genetic Male Sterility Systems:
 Cytoplasmic genetic male sterility (CGMS)
Male sterility is controlled by the interaction of a genetic factor (s) present in
the cytoplasm and nuclear gene (s).
 Environment-sensitive genetic male sterility (EGMS)
Male sterility system is controlled by nuclear gene expression, which is
influenced by environmental factors such as temperature (TGMS), day-length
(PGMS), or both (TPGMS).
 Chemically induced male sterility
Male sterility is induced by some chemicals (gametocides)
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Cytoplasmic genetic male sterility

It is caused by an interaction between genetic factor (s)

present in cytoplasm and the nucleus. Absence of a sterility
inducing factor either in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus makes a
line male fertile.
‘B’ line ‘A’ line ‘R’ line

r r R
f
Nf Sf N/S

rfr rfr Rrff Rf

f f Rf
N S S N/S
B line (fertile) A line (sterile) Hybrid (fertile) R line (fertile)
(CGMS system ) 12/19/201
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The CGMS system involves

 A CMS (A) line

 A maintainer (B) line
 A restorer (R) line
Procedures for identifying a CMS source
CMS source can be identified in-
 Intervarietal reciprocal crosses
 Interspecific crosses

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Inter-varietal receprocal crosses

Differences in reciprocal cross between varieties with
respect to male sterility is attributed to the cytoplasmic
– genetic interaction. Example- Chinsurah Boro-II
Source
The occurrence of high frequency of completely
male sterile plants in BC2 generation indicates that
variety B is donor of cytoplasmic factor inducing male
sterility and variety A is maintainer several rice
varieties viz., Chinsurah Boro-II, Taichung Native-1,
ARC 13829 etc, posses male sterility factors in their
cytoplasm. 12/19/201
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Inter-specific crosses:
Crossing between wild species and cultivated varieties
can also help to identify new CMS sources.
Needed for diversified CMS sources
 Have stable and complete pollen sterility across environments
 Be easily maintained so that diverse genotypes can be converted
into new CMS lines
 Be easily restored so that diverse genotypes can be used as male
parent, and
 Not have diverse effects on agronomic traits.
 The most common used cytosterility sources are WA, BT, DT,
DA and IP.
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Some sources of MS inducing cytoplasm in rice

Designation Cytoplasmic source First nuclear donor

Wild rice with abortive
CMS-WA Zhen shan 97 V20, V41
pollen
Dwarf wild rice with
CMS-DA Xue Qin Zhao
abortive pollen
CMS-IP Indonesian paddy II-32
CMS-DT Dissi type 297
CMS-HL Hong lian Lian – Tana Chao
CMS-KR Oryza rufipogon Taichung 65
CMS-BT Chinsurah boro II Taichung 65
CMS-TN TN 1 Pankhari 203
CMS-GAM Gambiaca Chao yang 1
Assam rice collection IRRI
CMS-ARC IR 10179-3-2-1
Acc-13829
CMS- O. perennis O. perennis, Acc. 104823 IR 64R 12/19/201
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Environmental sensitive Genetic male sterility

This type of genetic male sterility system in which

sterility expression is conditioned by environmental
factors.
There are of two types of EGMS which are currently
being used in rice –
PGMS (Photoperiod sensitive genetic male sterility):
Male sterile under a long day (> 13.45 hrs) condition
and revert back to fertility under short day (< 13.45
hrs) condition.
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Continue ……..

TGMS (Thermosensitive genetic male sterile lines):

TGMS lines remain male sterile at a high temperature (Max.
> 300 C) and they revert back to partial fertility at a lower
temperature (< 300 C).
Critical sterility/ fertility points vary from genotype to
genotypes;
The critical thermo sensitive stage for fertility alteration
in TGMS line varies from 15-25 days before heading or 5-15
days after panicle initiation.

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Some EGMS lines identified

EGMS lines
PGMS TGMS
Nongken 58 S (China) Annong 810 S (China)
EGMS (USA) Hennong S (China)
201 (USA) 5460 S (China)
CIS 28 – 10 S (China) ATG-1 (India)
Zhenong S (China) Norin PL 12 (Japan)
X 88 (Japan) IR 32364 (IRRI)
Pei-Ai64S (China) IR 68945 (IRRI)
7001 S (China) IR 68949 (IRRI)
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Chemical induced male sterility

This type of non-genetic method of inducing

male sterility involves the use of chemical called
hybridizing agents (CHA) or gametocides.
Some important gemetocides useful in rice
Growth stage for
Chemical Concentration
application
Ethrel 800-1000 ppm Prior to anthesis
Monosodium methyl or 0.02 % or
Arsenate (MGI) Uni-nucleate pollen stage
2000 ppm
Sodium methyl arsenate 0.02 % or
Five days before heading
2000 ppm 12/19/201
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Continue………..

Hybrids produced by chemically induced

male sterility are also called two-line hybrids
in rice, chemically induced male sterility is
used sporadically because effective and safe
inducing male sterility are not available.
Besides, effective CMS and EGMS systems
are available.

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Hybrid Rice Programe in India

Indian Council of Agriculture Research (ICAR),
initiated a goal oriented programme on hybrid rice
research and development in December, 1989.
The research network consist of 12 active research
centers across the country each with a specific
mandate.
Seventy six rice hybrids have been released in the
country so far. Out or these, 22 have been developed
by the public sector and five are from private sectors
Most widely cultivated rice hybrids are : Arize 6444,
PHB 71, Arize 6201, KRH 2, Sahyadri, Saruchi
5401, Pant Sankar Dhan 1 and DRR 1.
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Continue………

The first superfine grained aromatic hybrid

Pusa RH 10 is becoming population in
basmati belt of north-western India.
Narendra Usar Sankar Dhan -3 is the first
hybrid released for saline-alkaline soils of
Uttar Pradesh. DRR 2 and Pant Sankar
Dhan-3 are the promising early hybrids.
Ballabh basmati 22,23,24 developed by
SVPUA&T Meerut.(Traditional varieties)

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Hybrid Rice production

Area, Production, Yield,

(m ha) (Mt) tonnes/ha
Total Rice
28.17 176.55 6.20
Conventional
Rice 13.17 73.00 5.60
Hybrid Rice 15.00 103.50 6.90

Hybrid Rice 53.0 58.6

(% of total)
 Source: S.S. Virmani, IRRI, 2003 (Personal communication). 12/19/201
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Hybrid rice breeding programme in India

 ICAR initiated hybrid rice breeding in India in 1989 in

collaboration with IRRI, through National Network and
first set of hybrids released in 1994.
 The research network consist of 12 active research centers
across the country each with a specific mandate.
 UNDP/FAO supported the programme since 1991-2002.
 MRF support to fill the critical gaps since 1996.
 CAR supported the programme under NATP until 2004.

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Continue……..
 45 rice hybrids have been released and many identified in
the country so far.
 The rise in hybrid rice area has remained very slow;
reaching less than a million ha. in about 12 years i.e. about
the same duration during which China’s hybrid rice area
surpassed 15 million ha.
 While hybrid rice breeding in China was treated as a main
stream national rice improvement program, India
continued to treat it an adhoc project mode.
 In India only CMS based hybrid seed production done.
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Rice hybrids released in India

Name of Yield (t/ha)

Yield adv.
hybrids/ Duration Release for
S No Over
year of (days) the state of
check (%)
release Hybrid Check
1 APRH-1 130-135 7.14 5.27 35.4 Andhra
(1994) (Chaitanya) Pradesh

2 APRH-2 120-125 7.52 5.21 44.2 Andhra

(1994) (Chaitanya) Pradesh

3 MGR-1 110-115 6.08 5.23 (IR-50) 16.2 Tamilnadu

(1994)
4 KRH-1 120-125 6.02 4.58 31.4 Karnataka
(1994) (Mangala)

5 CNHR-3 125-130 7.49 5.45 37.4 West Bengal

(1995) (Khitish)
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Continue…..
6 DRRH-1 125-130 7.30 5.50 32.7 Andhra
(1996) (Tellahamsa Pradesh
)
A.P.,
Karnataka,
T.N., Tripura
KRH-2+ ,Maharashtra
7 130-135 7.40 6.10 (Jaya) 21.3
(1996) , Haryana,
Uttranchal,
Rajasthan

8 Pant Sankar 115-120 6.80 6.20 (Pant 9.70 Uttar

Dhan-1 Dhan-4) Pradesh
(1997)
9 CORH-2 120-125 6.25 5.20 (ADT- 20.20 Tamil Nadu
(1998) 39)
10 ADTRH-1 115-120 7.10 4.90 (ASD- 44.90 Tamil Nadu
(1998) 18)
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Continue……..
11 Sahyadri-1 125-130 6.64 4.89 (Jaya) 35.80 Maharashtr
(1998) a
12 Narendra
Sankar 4.94 (Sarjoo- Uttar
125-130 6.15 24.50
Dhan-2 52) Pradesh
(1998)
13 PHB-71 130-135 7.86 6.14 (PR- 28.00 Haryana,
(1997)*+ 106) U.P. and T.N.

Eastern States,
14 PA-6201 125-130 6.18 5.03 (Jaya) 22.90 A.P.,
(2000)*+ Karnataka and
T.N.
U.P., Bihar,
PA-6444 Tripura,
15 (2001)*+ 135-140 6.18 4.91 (Jaya) 24.40 Orissa, A.P.,
Karnataka and
Maharashtra
Pusa RH-10 3.11 (Pusa Haryana,
16 (2001)+ 120-125 4.35 Bas.-1) 39.90 Punjab, Delhi,
Western U.P.

* Private hybrids; + Hybrids released by CVRC, * Hybrids released by SVRC 12/19/201

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Continue……….
A.P.,
Karnataka,
17 RH-204* 120-126 6.89 5.62 (Jaya) 22.60 T.N.,
(2003)+ Haryana,
Uttaranchal
Rajasthan
Haryana,
Suruchi- Andhra
18 5401* 130-135 5.94 4.97 (Jaya) 19.50 Pradesh,
(2004)+ Karnataka
Maharashtra
19 Pant Sankar 4.99 (Pant
Dhan-3 125-130 6.12 Dhan-12) 22.60 Uttaranchal
(2004)
20 Narendra 3.86 Saline and
Usar Sankar 130-135 5.15 (Narendra 33.41 Alkaline
Dhan-3 Usar Dhan- areas of U.P.
(2005) 2)
21 DRRH-2 112-116 5.35 4285 (PHD- 24.90 Haryana,
(2005)+ 1) Uttaranchal,
West Bengal
and T.N.
22 Rajlakshmi 130-135 5.71 4.47 27.90 Irrigated
(CRHR-5) (Tapaswini) areas of
Orissa

* Private hybrids; + Hybrids released by CVRC, * Hybrids released by SVRC 12/19/201

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Continue……….
23 Ajay (CRHR- 130-135 6.07 4.47 (Tapaswini) 35.90 Irrigated areas of
7) Orissa
(2005)
24 Sahyadri-2 115-118 6.50 5.2 25.00 Maharashtra
(2005)
25 Sahyadri-3 123-126 7.50 6.4 17.00 Maharashtra
(2005)
26 HKRH-1 135-139 9.41 8.17 (HKR-126) 15.20
Haryana
(2006 )
27 CORH-3 130-135 6.15 4.90 (ADT-39) 25.50 Tamil Nadu
(2006)

CORH-2 6.25
28 120-125 Tamil Nadu
(1999)

29 MPH-516
(1994)

* Private hybrids; + Hybrids released by CVRC, * Hybrids released by SVRC

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Continue…….
30 MPH-517
(1994)
31 MPH-518
(1994)
32 CORH-1
33 VRH-4
34 JKRH-2000 6.22 WB, Orissa and
Bihar

35 Sahyadri-4 5.59 Punjab,

Haryana, UP,
WB, and
Maharastra

36
US 382 125-130 6.70 Tripura, M. P.,
(2012 ) Karnataka
* Private hybrids; + Hybrids released by CVRC, * Hybrids released by SVRC
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Continue…….
37 NA
CR Dhan 701 140-145 5.0 Bihar, Gujarat
(2012 )

38 NA
JKRH 3333 135-140 5.98 W. B., Bihar, CG,
(2013) Gujarat, A. P.

39 NA NA NA
Ankur 7434 Chhattisgarh
(2014)
40 NA NA NA
PAC 807 Chhattisgarh
(2014)

41 NA NA NA
CSR 43 Uttar Pradesh
(2014)
42 NA NA NA
Arize Dhani Odisha
(2013)
43 Arize 6444 130-135 NA NA Assam ,T.N. U.P, CG.,
(2015) Maghalaya
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Brief discussion of above tables

 Among these 22 hybrids have been released from public

sector while the remaining four viz., PHB-71, 6201, 6444,
RH-204 and most of these hybrids are of early duration
(125-130 days) except Pant Sankar Dhan – 3.
 Out of 27 hybrids, nineteen have been released by the
SVRC, while the eight viz., PHB-71, PA-6201, PA-6444,
RH-204, Pusa RH-10, KRH-2, Suruchi 5401 and DRRH-2
have been released by CVRC. Five hybrids of eight
mentioned above are from private sector.
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Continue………
 Among the three public bred hybrid released by CVRC, Pusa
RH-10, is the first super fine grained, aromatic hybrid released
for cultivation in Basmati region of north western India.
 KRH-2 is a high yielding and widely adopted hybrid whereas
DRRH-2 is an early hybrid with high yield potential.
 Promising hybrids rice AG-8, KJTRH-2, KJTRH-4, JRH-4,
JRH-5, AG-24, HRI-157, NK-3376, HKRH-1156, HRI-158,
HRI-148, KJTRH-12, NRH-1 etc. identified.

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Status of Hybrid Rice Breeding Programme in UP/UK

University Status Hybrids Released Seed Production

CSAUAT -Partner, Hybrid Rice - -

Network

SBPUAT -Partner, Hybrid Rice -Vallabh basmati 22 ,23 -

Network (Traditional)

GBPUAT  Partner, Hybrid Rice  PSD 1 (1997)- UP Tie up with Syngenta,

Network  PSD 3 (2004)- being marketed in WB &
 Support ended in 2004 Uttaranchal Bihar
 No State grant available

NDUAT  Partner, Hybrid Rice NSD 2 (1998)- UP MOU with Indo Gulf : No
Network NUSD 3 (2005) - Saline update
 Support ended in 2004 and alkaline belt of UP
 No State grant available

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Future prospects of hybrid rice technology

 High profit margins (75 Rs/kg)- very attractive to seed companies.

 Development of aromatic rice hybrids will be more remunerative of
Indian farmers- PRH 10 (Pusa 6A x PRR 78) first topical aromatic
hybrids.
 Assured seed replacement- more demand for seed supply.
 Improvement of hybrid rice technology will further reduce the cost of
seed.
 Present calculation are at productivity level for 1250 kg per ha.
 There is a prospect to achieve 2500 kg/ha.
 Hybrid rice seed production technology is both labour and knowledge
intensive.
 Hybrid seed production demands so additional man days/ha.
 Rural employment generating technology like hybrid cotton technology.
 Additional operations require in hybrid rice seed production.
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Continue…….
 Differential seeding.
 Differential transplanting of seed and pollen
parent.
 Gap filling.
 Roguing.
 Flag leaf clipping.
 GA3 application.
 Separate harvesting of pollinations row.
 Careful harvesting, threshing and post
harvest handling of seed and pollen parent.
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Package for cultivation of hybrid rice

Activity Requirement
Seed rate 15 kg ha-1
Seedling density (in nursery) 20-25g m-2
Spacing 15 x 15 or 20 x 15 cm
Seedling per hill 1 or 2
120-150 kg ha-1 (Based on soil fertility) to
Nitrogen levels be given in three splits

60:60 kg ha-1 Potash to given in two splits

Phosphorus and potassium

Source: Viraktamath, B.C.; Illyas Ahmad, M. and Singh, A.K. (2006). Hybrid rice ,
Indian Farming, 56 (7) : 25-30.
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Conclusion
 An overall estimation of net return is about 28
percent higher from hybrids vis-à-vis
conventional varieties on aggregate basis
 The hybrids fits well in cropping systems and
escape drought owing to their shorter duration
 The available hybrids are popular in the
irrigated upland to medium lands. However,
there is need to develop hybrids suited to
rainfed lowlands.
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Continue…..

 Improvement of hybrid rice technology will further

reduce the cost of seed;
 Present calculation are at productivity level for
1250 kg ha -1.
 There is a prospect to achieve 2500 kg ha-1
 Hybrid rice seed production technology is both
labour and knowledge intensive.
 Heterosis of hybrid rice can fix through use of DH
technology.
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DONE!!!

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