INTRODUCTION TO

GAS TURBINE ENGINE (GTE)

 Gas Turbine Engine (GTE) VS Piston Engine
Gas Turbine Engine
 Thermal machine
 Internal combustion
 Fluida kerja: udara dan bahan
bakar
 Proses konversi energi melalui
tahapan: kompresi, combustion
dan ekspansi
Piston Engine
 Thermal machine
 Internal combustion
 Fluida kerja: udara dan bahan bakar
 Proses konversi energy melalui
tahapan: kompresi,combustion dan
ekspansi
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 Gas Turbine Engine (GTE) VS Piston Engine ..
(lanjutan)
Gas Turbine Engine
 Proses konversi tersebut
berlangsung secara simultan
 Proses konversi tersebut
berlangsung di tempat yang
berbeda: compressor,combustion
chamber dan turbine
 Proses konversi tersebut
berlangsung secara ‘rotating
movement’
 Starting system:diawali percikan
listrik dan tekanan udara yg sudah
mencukupi baru fuel dialirkan dan
pembakaran bisa berlangsung
 Shutdown: aliran fuel di stop
Piston Engine
 Proses konversi tersebut berlangsung
secara bertahap
 Proses konversi tersebut berlangsung
di tempat yang sama: cylinder
 Proses konversi tersebut berlangsung
secara ‘translasi movement’
 Starting system: fuel sudah tersedia
baru percikan api (dari elektrik) yang
memicu pembakaran
 Shutdown : aliran listrik /ignition distop.
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GAS TURBINE ENGINE

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 Introduction
 Gas turbine was originally developed primarily as a
practical device for providing jet thrust.
 Need a solution to overcome the speed limitation
imposed by propeller propulsion and limitation of high
altitude flying.
 A major feature of the gas turbine engine is the
considerable amount of power that it can produce at
high forward speed.
 Other advantages, compared to reciprocating engine,
are high power-to-weight ratio, absence of reciprocating
parts, and simpler less frequent maintenance.
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 Gas Turbine Development
 The idea of using a gas turbine to produce jet propulsion was
developed independently by Frank Whittle in England and
von Ohain / Heinkel in Germany in the 1930s.
 Frank Whittle experimental engine first ran in April 1937, and
Ohain / Heinkel engine believed ran in the previous month.
 The first jet-engined aircraft was the Heinkel He-178 using
Ohain engine which perform its maiden flight on 27th August
1939.
 The first British jet-engined aircraft, Gloster / Whittle E28/39
perform its maiden flight 21 months after the first Germany
jet-engined aircraft.

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 Principle of Jet Propulsion
 Newton’s third law : “for every force acting on a body,
there is an opposite and equal reaction”.
 For aircraft propulsion, the atmospheric air is
accelerated as it passes through the engine. The force
required to give this acceleration has an equal effect in
the opposite direction acting on the engine.

Newton’s 3rd law Aircraft Propulsion Previous Next

Application of Gas Turbine on Aircraft

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Force Diagram on Airplane

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The Heart of Gas Turbine Engine

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 BRAYTON 2CYCLE
1 – 2 Compression
P (Compressor)
2 – 3 Combustion
Heat added (Comb.
2 3 Chamber)
3 – 4 Expansion
(Turbine and
Nozzle)
4 – 1 Atmospheric
1 4 pressure
V

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 Jet Sub-type

Turbojet Turboprop Turbofan

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 Turbojet Engine

Turbojet engine produces thrust by propel relatively small

weight of air at very high speed
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 Turboprop Engine

Turboprop engine produces thrust by propel large weight of air

at comparatively low speed

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Turboprop Engine

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 Turbofan
4 Engine

Turbofan engine was designed to improve the weakness of

turboprop characteristic at high speed and tubojet inefficiency
at low speed

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Turbofan Engine

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Turbo jet/fan Construction

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 Compressor
 The function of compressor is to raise the air entering
the engine before it mixed with fuel and burnt in
combustion chamber.
 The higher it can raise the pressure, the greater the
thrust that can be achieved from the engine
 There are two basic type of compressor, centrifugal flow
compressor and axial flow compressor.
 The compressor is driven by the engine turbine which is
usually coupled direct to the turbine shaft.

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Centrifugal Flow Compressor
 The centrifugal compressor draws in air
through the centre of its impeller from where
the centrifugal motion of the spinning
compressor throws the air outwards, raising
its velocity in the process.
 The air is then directed through a series of
fixed divergent ducts which convert this high
velocity into high pressure.
 The advantages of the centrifugal
compressor are its ruggedness and its
relatively low cost of manufacture.
 The disadvantages are its large frontal area
and its relatively poor pressure ratio when
compared with axial flow compressor.

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Centrifugal Flow Compressor

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 Axial Flow Compressor
 The axial flow compressor consists of rows of alternate rotating
(rotor) and fixed (stator) blades.
 A row of rotors followed by a row of stators is known as a stage and
there may be many stages attached to a single shaft.
 As the air is draw in through the engine, the rotor blades accelerate
the air rearwards on to the stator vanes.
 The stator vanes convert this velocity into pressure before directing
the air rearwards onto the next set of rotors and stators where the
pressure is raised again in each stage the air passes through.
 Each compressor stage raises the pressure by a small amount,
typically 1.2:1 but an axial flow compressor can have many stages,
which can boost the pressure to a figure much higher than would be
capable with a centrifugal compressor.
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Axial Flow Compressor

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 Combustion Chamber
 Combustion chamber is the place where pressurized air & fuel mixed,
ignited, and burned.
 Fuel is introduced at the front end of the burner in a highly atomized spray
from the fuel nozzles.
 Combustion air flows in around the fuel nozzle and mixes with the fuel to
form a correct fuel-air mixture. This is called primary air and represents
approximately 25 percent of total air taken into the engine.
 By using 75 percent of the air for cooling, the temperature operating range
can be brought down to about half, so the turbine section will not be
destroyed by excessive heat.
 The air used for burning is called primary air and that for cooling is
secondary air. The secondary air is controlled and directed by holes and
louvers in the combustion chamber liner
 There are igniter / spark plugs used to ignite fuel. Igniter plugs function only
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Can Type Combustion Chamber

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Annular Type Combustion Chamber

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Can-annular Type Combustion Chamber

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 Turbine
 The function of the turbine is to extract energy from the hot airflow
leaving the combustion chamber and to use that energy to drive the
compressor
 There will often be more than one turbine stage and these extra stages
will be used to drive additional compressors, fans, propellers or
gearboxes, depending on what type of engine it is being used in.
 The turbine section is made up of two elements, the nozzle guide
vanes and the turbine rotor.
 The air leaving the combustion chamber will be swirling and it is the job
of the nozzle guide vanes to straighten out the airflow and to direct it
on to the turbine blades at the correct angle for maximum efficiency.
 Turbine blades can be made with tiny hollow internal passages through
which cool air is fed under pressure.

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Turbine & Turbine Cooling

Turbine Turbine Cooling

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SELESAI