POWER SYSTEM

 INTRODUCTION
 SYMMETRICAL COMPONENT
ANALYSIS
 SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE
 ZERO SEQUENCE REACTANCE
 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
 In symmetrical components, there are three types of
impedances - positive sequence (balanced), negative
sequence (unbalanced), and zero sequence (ground).
In a transformer, positive and negative are equal. Zero
sequence impedance is determined by the (same
factors as the) positive sequence and is based on the
flux paths available through the transformer core that
can induce ground current.

 Transformer reactance is often specified as a

percentage, say 10%. This is a per unit value (divide
by 100) on the power base of the transformer.
 The calculation is made for one phase only as the
current and voltage conditions are same in all three
phases.
 When actual faults occur in electrical power system,
the system becomes unbalanced means, the conditions
of voltages and currents in all phases are no longer
symmetrical. Such faults are solved by symmetrical
component analysis.
 Generally three phase vector diagram may be replaced
by three sets of balanced vectors. One has opposite or
negative phase rotation, second has positive phase
rotation and last one is co-phasal.
 That means these vectors sets are described as
negative, positive and zero sequence, respectively.
The equation between phase and sequence
quantities are,

Er = Er0 + Er1 + Er2

Ey = Ey0 + Ey1 + Ey2 = Er0 + r2Er1 + rEr2

Eb = Eb0 + Eb1 + Eb2 = Er0 + rEr1 + r2Er2

  Positive sequence impedance
The impedance offered by the system to the flow of
positive sequence current is called positive sequence
impedance .

 Negative sequence impedance

The impedance offered by the system to the flow of
negative sequence current is called negative sequence
impedance .

 Zero sequence impedance

The impedance offered by the system to the flow of
zero sequence current is known as zero sequence
impedance .
The sequence impedance varies with the type of
.
power system components under consideration:-

1.In static and balanced power system component

like transformer and lines, the sequence
impedance offered by the system are same for
positive and negative sequence currents.

2.But in case of rotating machines the positive

and negative sequence impedance are
different.
The assignment of zero sequence impedance values is a more
complex one. This is because the three zero sequence
current at any point in a electrical power system, being in
phase, do not sum to zero but must return through the
neutral and /or earth..
 All the flux in transformer will not be able to link
with both the primary and secondary windings.
 A small portion of flux will link either winding but
not both. This portion of flux is called leakage flux.
 Due to this leakage flux in transformer there will be
a self – reactance in the concerned winding.
 This self-reactance of transformer is alternatively
known as leakage reactance of transformer.
 This self – reactance associated with resistance of
transformer is impedance.
 Due to this impedance of transformer there will be
voltage drops in both primary and secondary
transformer windings.
 The zero phase sequence circuit are required
when three phase transformer or three phase
power network are operating under unbalanced
or ground fault conditions.
The general principles pertaining to the existence of
zero sequence current in three phase transformer
windings are as follows:-

1.If the three phase line terminates in Y-connected

windings, with isolated neutral, then equivalent
circuit is open circuited for zero sequence currents.
In case Y grounded or connected to source neutral
zero sequence current can exist.

2. If the three phase line terminates in delta

connected windings, then equivalent circuit is
open circuited for zero sequence currents, since
there is no return path for these currents, zero
sequence currents can however flow in delta
connected windings.