Steel Girder

Structural Design 266
Steel Design
Topic 4
Built-up Girders (2)
Plate girders – design
Kerri Bland
Structural Design 266 (Steel)
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References:
• OneSteel, Hot Rolled and Structural Steel Products, Third Edition
• Standards Australia, AS4100-1998 : Steel Structures
• Gorenc, Tinyou & Syam, Steel Designers Handbook, 6th Edition, UNSW Press Australia
Built-up Girders (2) 2

Design of: Built-up Girders
Castellated Beams
 Can be used where
shear requirements
not very high, but high moment capacity required.
 Member height increased

 higher I, Z, section capacity
 Web slenderness increased

 previously compact section for bending may not remain compact
 Shear capacity may now be limited by web shear buckling rather than yielding
 Usually, designed for bending.

 Web area ignored in calculation of Ze. (Flanges of known area are separated to give Ze)
 Practical limits: Ds ≈ d of original beam

Sc ≈ 1.1Ds
 These limits will allow sufficient web to remain for Veerendeel action to carry the shear in the
beam.
 Web area available for the shear force can be calculated as the net web area over Sc.
Plate Girders
 Girders fabricated from steel plate.
 Traditionally riveted together using angles.
 More recently welded together.
 Often Axisymmetric – not always
 Basic principals apply:

 Flanges carry normal stresses (axial tension/compression) to resist
moment.
 Web carries most of the shear force.

Plate Girders: Preliminary Sizing
 Need to achieve given capacity for minimum weight,
subject to constraints.
 After preliminary sizing, all bending member checks need to carried out.
 Step 1: General Dimensions

 Usually have height limitations that determine the maximum height of the
member.
 Rough rule: Depth 1/8 to 1/15 of the span
Flange width 1/3 to 1/5 of the depth

 Don’t have to adhere to these ratios. They are just a rough starting point.
 Girders tend to be more economical when within these ranges.

 Step 2: Web Sizing
 Approximate web depth already established (step 1).
 Can determine web thickness required so that the yield capacity of the web is
sufficient to resist the design shear forces: V*  Vw   0.6 fy Aw ; Aw  tw dw
V*
rearrange : tw 
 0.6 fy dw
 This thickness may result in a thin web that is not compact
 ie: it may buckle before full yielding of the whole web.
 Usually resolved by adding stiffeners to reduce the tendency to buckle (covered later),
and thus enable it achieve the full shear yield capacity of the web.
 Girders often span large distances, resulting in large moments, but comparatively low
shear forces, thus webs are not heavily stressed. So thinner stiffened webs can be used.
 A thin, stiffened web can be significantly lighter than a thicker web, however, the weight
savings need to be balanced against the extra fabrication costs of adding the stiffeners.
 Step 3: Preliminary Flange Sizing – beams with FLR
 (a) If the maximum shear and moment coincide

 eg: cantilevers, continuous beams, fixed ended beams, beams with point loads
 Ignore the moment capacity of the web – assume the flange takes all of the
moment as the shear is using up most of the web capacity
 M*  fySflanges  fy Af d  w here A f is the area of a single flange

 Then, proportion flange area so that the flange outstand is compact in order to
Refer to slide 2 for copyright warning
utilise the steel as fully as possible (ie: get full yielding instead of plate element
Table taken from AS4100 1998
buckling)
ie: make le ≤ lep
 b  fy
  8
 
t 250
 (b) If the maximum shear and moment do not coincide

 eg: Simply supported beams with UDL’s
 We can use the web to help resist the moment (ie: use the web in the Ze
calculation – if the web is not too slender)
d12tw
 Sweb 
4
 d12tw 
M*  fy Sflanges  Sweb   fy  Af d  
 4 
 Solve for Af (assuming web dimensions already established), then, proportion
flange area so that the flange outstand is compact (ie: get full yielding instead of
plate element buckling) ie: make le ≤ lep
 b  fy
  8
 t  250
Note: Very large flange forces may result in unreasonably thick flanges
(if designing to achieve compact flanges).
- May cause difficulty in welding flanges.
- Thinner flanges can be used but the flanges may buckle before full yielding.
- Size flange plates so that yield limit is reached ie: extreme fibres reach
yield:  b  fy
   14
 t  250
Refer to slide 2 for copyright warning
- Yield moment is used to

determine flange plate area
required

Note: Very large flange forces may result in unreasonably thick flanges.
- Size flange plates so that yield limit is reached ie: extreme fibres reach yield:
 b  fy
- Use yield moment instead    14
 t  250
of plastic moment to determine Af
- Stress in flange at yield moment only slightly smaller than
stress in flange at plastic moment. So, rather than
calculating Zflange (awkward to work back from Z to get Aflange), just use
stress at stress at a slightly reduced Sflange value (S is easier to calculate than Z)
plastic moment yield moment
 When max shear and moment coincide use: M*  fy 0.9 Af d 
 When max shear and moment don’t coincide use: M*  fy Zflanges  Zweb 
 d12tw 
 fy  0.9 Af d  
Built-up Girders (2)  6  10
 Step 4: Preliminary Flange Sizing – beams without FLR
 Potential lateral torsional buckling

 need to use <5.6>
 incorporate am and as into calculations
 Estimate as and size member as for step 3, but use:
M*  amas fy Af d 
whe re where the max shear and max moment coincide
 d 2 tw 
M*  amas fy  Af d  
 4 
w here where the max shear and max moment don' t coincide
 Determine as for designed section (involves calculating Mo, etc), or use
graphs (p39 of notes) to approximate some values. Will probably need to
go through a few iterations to determine reasonable plate sizes.
 Step 4: Preliminary Flange Sizing – beams without FLR
 A low value of as will reduce the design capacity of a beam of a given mass.
(ie: if it buckles at a much lower load that the full plastic failure, much of the
steel mass is not being used to it’s fullest potential). Therefore the cost
efficiency of the girder is also greatly reduced.
 It is usual to use lateral bracing to increase the capacity of a beam (or to get
a smaller beam to carry the same design actions).
 It is common for a designer to ensure lateral restraints are close enough

together to provide full lateral restraint in order to fully utilise the full capacity
of the beam. (Also makes the beam MUCH easier to design!)

 Example: p116-119 Steel Design Notes
(ie: 8kN/m) Note: old loading code factor. Would use

1.2G in accordance with current Structural
Design Actions Code (AS1170:2002)
BMD
SFD

To re-phrase:
Choose the web thickness assuming it will be able to achieve full shear yield capacity.
Don’t worry about web buckling until later (we can fix web buckling with stiffeners).
V *  Vw   0.6 Aw fy  5.11.4 

  0.6 tw d1 fy

Later we will be specifying the lateral restraint spacing to ensure we do have

full lateral restraint. Therefore we can design beam so that M* ≤Ms
So we can assume the maximum moment can be resisted by the flanges and the web.
Therefore use S (plastic modulus) for Ze (effective modulus) in capacity calculations.

Ze
 fy Web thickness
Sflanges Sweb
 d bd 2
 2  Af  
 2 4
 Af d

From <5.2.2>:
If the plate element slenderness le < Plasticity limit lep
Then plate element is compact (ie won’t buckle before full plastic yielding occurs)
b   f 
So, if : le.flange outstand   flange outstand   y   8
 tflange   250 
then flange outstand is compact, and won' t buckle.
We can make the flange outstand compact to ensure we get the greatest possible capacity out
of the section (ie: capacity not reduced by premature buckling)
Built-up Girders (2) Refer to slide 2 for copyright warning 17
 bflange outstand   fy 
le.flange outstand    
  250   8 fy = 250 MPa
 t flange 
bflange outstand ≈ total flange width/2
total flange area = flange width*flange thickness

ie: flange compact as designed/intended
le > ley
ie: web is slender
lep < le < ley

ie: web is non-compact
(between S and Z)
Ix
Zx 
y max
bd 2 d 
Sweb  Sflanges  2 Af  
4 2
Should actually be (1900+50)/2

(between S and Z)
 l  ls 
 5.2.4 : Ze  Z   sy Zc  Z  Where Zc=Ze for compact section
l
 sy  lsp  = min of S and 1.5Z
=S
 fy Ze M*

dp 82
Actually, if  , then we can use <5.11.4>.
tw fy
250
d p 1900
However, we have   95  82
tw 20
 We should use 5.11.5 as buckling of the web will occur before shear yielding.
But, we have assumed that we will be adding sufficient stiffeners to the web to
make sure no web buckling due to shear can occur (ie: force web yielding to be the
critical failure mechanism), therefore, we can justify use of <5.11.4> in calculation
of the shear capacity of the web.
Shear yield capacity Vw = 0.6Awfy
Shear yield capacity Vw > V*, so shear capacity is sufficient
Interaction Method:

Proportioning Method:
Flange Moment Mf  Afm d f fy
where Afm  flange effective area
 lesser of Afg (flange gross area)
fu
and 0.85Afn of the tension flange
fy
and d f  distance between flange centroids
lesser of these
 Afn df fy


L  250 
 ( 80  50  m )   for an equal flanged I-section
ry  f 
 y 
Values for m given in <5.3.2.4>
m = -0.8 for segments with transverse loads
Iy
ry 
A
Total beam length = 19.8m, so if restraints are a third points, segment length = 6.6m

Steel Girder

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Structural Design 266

Built-up Girders (2) 2

 Member height increased

 Web slenderness increased

 Usually, designed for bending.

 Practical limits: Ds ≈ d of original beam

 More recently welded together.

 Often Axisymmetric – not always

 Basic principals apply:

 Web carries most of the shear force.

Built-up Girders (2) 4

 Step 1: General Dimensions

 Rough rule: Depth 1/8 to 1/15 of the span

Flange width 1/3 to 1/5 of the depth

Built-up Girders (2) 5

 (a) If the maximum shear and moment coincide

 M*  fySflanges  fy Af d  w here A f is the area of a single flange

 (b) If the maximum shear and moment do not coincide

- Yield moment is used to

Built-up Girders (2) 9

 When max shear and moment coincide use: M*  fy 0.9 Af d 

 Potential lateral torsional buckling

 It is common for a designer to ensure lateral restraints are close enough

Built-up Girders (2) 12

(ie: 8kN/m) Note: old loading code factor. Would use

Built-up Girders (2) 13

V *  Vw   0.6 Aw fy  5.11.4 

Built-up Girders (2) 14

Later we will be specifying the lateral restraint spacing to ensure we do have

Therefore use S (plastic modulus) for Ze (effective modulus) in capacity calculations.

Built-up Girders (2) 15

Built-up Girders (2) 16

bflange outstand ≈ total flange width/2

total flange area = flange width*flange thickness

Built-up Girders (2) 18

ie: flange compact as designed/intended

lep < le < ley

Should actually be (1900+50)/2

Built-up Girders (2) 20

Built-up Girders (2) 22

Shear yield capacity Vw = 0.6Awfy

Shear yield capacity Vw > V*, so shear capacity is sufficient

Built-up Girders (2) 23

Built-up Girders (2) 24

Built-up Girders (2) 25

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