FIELD

CONNECTION
JHON RYAN J. OBLIGADO
BSCE – 5C
INTRODUCTION :

STEEL STRUCTURE IS AN ASSEMBLAGE OF DIFFERENT MEMBERS SUCH

AS “BEAMS AND COLUMNS” WHICH ARE CONNECTED TO ONE
OTHER , SO THAT IT SHOWS A SINGLE COMPOSITE UNIT.

CONNECTIONS ARE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS USED FOR JOINING

DIFFERENT MEMBER OF A STRUCTURAL FRAMEWORK.
 THE THREE PRINCIPAL SYSTEMS USED FOR CONNECTING STEEL
MEMBERS

1.RIVETING
2.BOLTING
3.WELDING
 RIVETED CONNECTION

• MADE UP OF ROUND DUCTILE STEEL BAR CALLED SHANK.

A HEAD AT ONE END.
• USED FOR VERY LONG TIME.

INSTALLATION OF RIVETS :
• HEATING OF RIVETS
• INSERTING IT TO AN OVERSIZE HOLE PRESSURE TO THE
HEAD.
• SQUEEZING THE PLAIN END BY PNEUMATIC DRIVER
ROUNDHEAD.
• ON COOLING REDUCES IN LENGTH – CLAMPING FORCE.
ADVANTAGES :

• COST EFFECTIVENESS ( SAVE THE COST OF ELECTRICITY )

• TRANSPORTATION ( SMALL SIZE )

DISADVANTAGES :

• THE LABOUR COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH LARGE RIVETING CREWS.

• THE COST INVOLVED IN CAREFUL INSPECTION AND REMOVAL

OF POORLY INSTALLED RIVETS.

• THE HIGH LEVEL OF NOISE ASSOCIATED WITH DRIVING RIVETS .

 BOLTED CONNECTION

-FASTEN TOGETHER PRIMARILY BY BOLTS.

-MORE FREQUENTLY USED OTHER CONNECTION METHODS.

WHAT IS BOLT ?

BOLT IS A PIN ROD WITH HEAD AT ONE END AND THREADED

AT THE OTHER END TO RECEIVE A NUT .
 TWO MAIN TYPES OF
STRUCTURAL BOLTS
A 325
– MEDIUM CARBON STEEL
- WEATHERING STEEL
- CAN BE GALVANIZED
- MINIMUM TENSILE STRENGTH
- OF 105,000 PSI.

A490
-STRONGER THAN A325
-MINIMUM TENSILE STRENTH OF
150,000 PSI
-HIGHER CARBON ALLOY STEEL
-CAN T BE GALVANIZED.
 TWO METHODS OF TIGHTENING HIGH STRENGTH
BOLTS

TURN –OF- NUT METHOD

• IS PERFORMED METHOD BY ROTATING THE NUT OR BOLT OF A FASTENER
ASSEMBLY A SPECIFIC TURN ANGLE BASED ON THE FASTENER S LENGTH AND
DIAMETER WHILE RESTRAINING THE UNTURNED ELEMENT FROM ROTATING.

CALIBRATED WRENCH METHOD

• BY APPLYING A CALCULATED AVERAGE TORQUE VALUE TO FASTENERS BASED
ON DAILY TESTING REPRESENTATIVE FASTENER ASSEMBLIES SAMPLES USING THE
EXACT CONFIGURATION OF INSTALLATION TOOLS AND POWER SUPPLIES
UNDER AS NEARLY IDENTICAL CONDITIONS AS POSSIBLE AS ACTUAL
INSTALLATION CONDITIONS W/ ON DAY OR LESS.
 BOLT TENSION CALIBRATOR
A BOLT TENSION CALIBRATOR IS A DEVICE THAT CAN BE USE TO CALIBRATE BOTH
IMPACT WRENCHES ( USED FOR BOLT TIGHTENING ) AND HAND INDICATOR
TORQUE WRENCHES ( USED BY INSPECTORS FOR CHECKING THE TENSION BOLTS
THAT HAVE BEEN TIGHTEND BY EITHER METHOD ).
TENSION CONTROL BOLTS
BOLTS THAT INCOPORATE A TORQUE CONTROL GROOVE SO THAT THE
STEM BREAKS OFF UNDER A SPECIFIED TORQUE.
 INTERFERENCE FIT BOLTS

BOLTS THAT ARE DRIVEN INTO PLACE AND USE

OVERSIZE SHANKS TO PREVENT DURING TIGHTENING.
WELDEDCONNECTION

- WHOSE COMPONENTS ARE JOINED TOGETHER PRIMARILY

BY WELDS.

WHAT IS WELDING ?
- WELDING IS A FABRICATION OR SCULPTURAL PROCESS THAT
JOINTS MATERIALS , USUALLY METALS OR THERMO PLASTICS ,
BY USING HIGH NEXT TO MELT THE PARTS TOGETHER
ALLOWING THEM TO COOL CAUSING FUSION (APPLICATION
OF HEAT ).
 MAJOR TYPES OF STRUCTURAL WELDS
FILLET WELDS
• THESE WELDS ARE COMMONLY REFFERED TO AS
TEE JOINTS WHICH ARE TWO PIECES OF METAL
PERPINDICULAR TO EACH OTHER OR LAP JOINTS
WHICH ARE TWO PIECES OF METALS THAT
OVERLAP AND ARE WELDED AT THE EDGES.
 GROOVE ( BUTT OR VEE ) WELDS

-WELD GROOVE IS A CHANNEL IN THE SURFACE OF THE

WORKPIECE OR AN OPENING BETWEEN TWO JOINT MEMBERS
PROVIDING SPACE TO CONTAIN WELD METAL .
 PLUG OR RIVET WELDS

-A PLUG WELD IS USED TO FASTEN TWO PIECES OF METAL

TOGETHER USING A WELDER.
REQUIREMENTS FOR PRODUCING
SATISFACORY ELECTRIC WELDS

• PROPER PREPARATION OF BASE METAL

• USE PROPER OF ELECTRODES
• USE OF THE CORRECT CURRENT ,VOLTAGE AND POLARITY SETTINGS
INSPECTION METHODS AVAILABLE FOR
DETERMINING QUALITY OF WELDS

• VISUAL INSPECTION
-WIDELY USED TO IDENTIFY BAD WELDS
BEFORE OTHER MORE EXPENSIVE OR TIME
CONSUMING FORMS OF INSPECTION ARE
PERFORMED.

• DESTRUCTIVE TESTING
-THE PHYSICAL DESTRUCTION OF THE
COMPLETED WELD IN ORDER TO EVALUATE
ITS CHARACTETRISTICS
 RADIOGRAPHIC INSPECTION

-A PIECE OF RADIOGRAPHIC FILM IS PLACED ON THE REMOTE

SIDE OF THE MATERIAL UNDER INSPECTION AND RADIATION.
 ADVANTAGES :
• WELDING IS MORE ECONOMICAL AND IS MUCH FASTER PROCESS ( RIVETING
,BOLTING,CASTING etc.)
• GENERAL WELDING EQUIPMENT IS NOT VERY COSTLY.
• PORTABLE WELDING EQUIPMENTS CAN BE EASILY MADE AVAILABLE.
• WELDING PERMITS CONSIDERABLE FREEDOM IN DESIGN.

DISADVANTAGES :
• IT IS RESULTS IN RESIDUAL STRESSES AND DISTORTION OF THE WORK PIECES.
• WELDING GIVES OUT HARMFUL RADIATIONS ( LIGHT )
• JIGS AND FIXTURES MAY ALSO BE NEEDED TO HOLD AND POSITION THE PARTS
TO BE WELDED.
SAFETY
 HARD HATS AND GLOVES ARE REQUIRED
STANDARDS FOR STEEL ERECTION.
EYE PROTECTION
 PROTECTIVE
MEASURE AGAINST
FALLS
THANK YOU ! 