BJQK 1103

MATHEMATICS FOR
TECHNOLOGY
TOPIC 3: FUNCTION
What is a Function?
• A function relates an input to an output.

FUNCTION
INPUT OUTPUT

x, t, A, q …. f(x), f(t), h(A), c(q) ...

Some calculations

• Domain • Range
• Independent variable • Dependent variable
• Argument • Function value
Function Notation
Functional notation is the notation for expressing functions as
Function Notation
• This function:
• f(x) = 1 - x + x2

• Is the same function as:

• f(q) = 1 - q + q2
• h(A) = 1 - A + A2

The variable (x, q, A, etc) is just there so we know where to put the values:

For example: f(x) = 1 - x + x2

f(2) = 1 - 2 + 22 = 3
Function Notation
• These mathematical statements all mean the same! y = f(x)

y = 2x + 3 Linear equation

f(x) = 2x + 3
g(x) = 2x + 3 Linear functions
h(a) = 2a + 3
Function Notation
• These mathematical statements all mean the same! y = f(x)

y = 3x2 – 8x – 3 Quadratic equation

f(x) = 3x2 – 8x – 3
f(t) = 3t2 – 8t – 3 Quadratic functions
g(x) = 3x2 – 8x – 3
c(q) = 3q2 – 8q – 3
 Evaluating Function
• Lets start off with quadratic equation: y = x2 − 5x + 3
• Replace the y with the notation f(x):
f(x) = x2 − 5x + 3
OR
g(x) = x2 − 5x + 3 What is important is the “(x)” part.
h(x) = x2 − 5x + 3
R(x) = x2 − 5x + 3

• E.g: 1) Given that f(4), means x = 4, 2) Given that f(-6), means x = -6

f(x) = x2 − 5x + 3 f(x) = x2 − 5x + 3
f(4) = (4)2 − 5(4) + 3 f(-6) = (-6)2 − 5(-6) + 3
= 16 − 20 + 3 = 36 + 30 + 3
= −1 = 69
Examples
• Given f(x) = x2 − 2x + 8, evaluate each of the following:

1. f(3) 3. f(0)
f(3) = (3)2 − 2(3) + 8 f(0) = (0)2 − 2(0) + 8
=9−6+8 =8
= 11

2. f(−10) 4. f(t)
f(−10) = (−10)2 − 2(−10) + 8 f(t) = t2 − 2t + 8
= 100 + 20 + 8
= 128
Examples
• Given f(x) = x2 − 2x + 8, evaluate each of the following:

5. f(t+1)
f(t+1) = (t+1)2 − 2(t+1) + 8
= (t+1)(t+1) - 2(t+1) + 8
= t2 + t + t + 1 – 2t - 2 + 8
= t2 + 2t + 1 – 2t – 2 + 8
= t2 + 7
Standard Form
• Quadratic Equation ax2 + bx + c = 0

• E.g: x2 -2x + 5 = 0 a = 1, b = -2, c = 5

• 2x2 = -2 a = 2, b = 0, c = 2

• Quadratic Function f(x) = ax2 + bx + c

• E.g: y = 6 + x – x2 a = -1, b = 1, c = 6
• f(x) = 3x2 – 8x – 3 a = 3, b = -8, c = -3
Quadratic Function Graphs

If a > 0

E.g: f(x) = 3x2 – 8x – 3

y = 2x2 – 4x - 1
Quadratic Function Graphs

If a < 0

E.g: f(x) = -2x2 – x + 6

y = 6 + x – x2
Sketching the Graphs
1. Find the vertex (titik bucu)
2. Find the y-intercept (pintasan pada paksi-y), where x = 0
3. Find the x-intercept (pintasan pada paksi-x), where y = 0,
by solving quadratic equation
4. Finally, sketch the graph.
Vertex (Titik bucu)
• Highest (maximum) or lowest (minimum) point that is called the
vertex.
Vertex (highest point)

Vertex (lowest point)

1) Find the Vertex (Titik bucu)
• Vertex point is in coordinate (x,y) −𝑏 4𝑎𝑐−𝑏2
x= y=
2𝑎 4𝑎

Example: y = 3 + 2x – x2 a = -1, b = 2, c = 3 a<0

−𝑏 4𝑎𝑐−𝑏2
x= y=
2𝑎 4𝑎
−2 4(−1)(3)−22
x= y=
2(−1) 4(−1)
−2 −12−4 −16
= =1 = = =4
−2 −4 −4

So, the maximum point is (1,4)

2) Find the y-intercept
• When x = 0

y = 3 + 2x – x2
= -x2 + 2x + 3
= -02 + 2(0) + 3
=3

The y-intercept is 3, so the coordinate of the y-intercept is (0,3)

3) Find the x-intercept
• Solve the quadratic equation (using factoring or quadratic formula)

y = 3 + 2x – x2 -x2 + 2x + 3 = 0
(-x + 3 )(x + 1) = 0

-x + 3 = 0 x+1=0
x=3 x = -1

The x-intercepts are 3 and -1, so the coordinate of the two intercepts are
(3,0) and (-1,0)
 Possibility of having x-intercept
• Depend on the solution attribute:

1. When b2 – 4ac > 0, the graph of

y = f(x) has two points of x-intercept

2. When b2 – 4ac < 0, the graph of

y = f(x) is NOT intersect the x-axis
Possibility of having x-intercept
• Example: y = -(x + 1)2 – 2

y = - (x + 1)(x + 1) – 2
y = - (x2 + x + x + 1) – 2
y = - x2 – 2x – 1 – 2
y = - x2 – 2x – 3 a = -1, b = -2, c = -3

b2 – 4ac = (-2)2 – 4(-1)(-3)

= 4 – 12 b2 – 4ac < 0, NOT intersect the x-axis
=-8
Example: Sketch the graph of f(x) = x2 – 6x + 5
1. Find the vertex
f(x) = x2 – 6x + 5 a = 1, b = -6, c = 5
−𝑏 4𝑎𝑐−𝑏2
x= y=
2𝑎 4𝑎

2. Find the y-intercept, where x = 0

3. Find the x-intercept, where y = 0, by solving the quadratic equation
4. Sketch
More Examples:
1. y = x2 + 4x
2. y = x2 – 16
3. y = (x – 1)(3 – x)
4. y = x2 + 3
Forming Quadratic Equation
• Standard form: y = ax2 + bx + c

• Need to find the value of a, b and c, when you are given THREE
coordinate (x1,y1), (x2,y2) and (x3,y3)

• Steps:
1. You are given the values of x and y (three coordinate)
2. Plug the values in the standard form
3. Get THREE linear equations with the variables a, b and c
4. Solve the equations using ELIMINATION or SUBSTITUTION method
Forming Quadratic Equation
• Example:
Form a quadratic equation that passing through the following points:
(0,0), (2,0) and (-1,3)

Solution:
The standard form of quadratic equation: y = ax2 + bx + c
i. At first point (0,0), x = 0, y = 0
y = ax2 + bx + c
0 = a(0)2 + b(0) + c
0= 0 + 0 +c
c= 0 ……………………… (1)
Forming Quadratic Equation
ii. At second point (2,0), x = 2, y = 0
y = ax2 + bx + c
0 = a(2)2 + b(2) + c
0 = 4a + 2b + c
4a + 2b + c = 0 …………………………….. (2)

iii. At third point (-1,3), x = -1, y = 3

y = ax2 + bx + c
3 = a(-1)2 + b(-1) + c
3= a - b +c
a - b +c = 3 ……………………………… (3)
Forming Quadratic Equation
Now we have THREE linear equations
c=0 ……………………….. (1)
4a + 2b + c = 0 …………………………(2)
a - b +c = 3 …………………………(3)

Insert (1) into (2)

4a + 2b + c = 0
4a + 2b + 0 = 0
4a + 2b = 0 ………………………… (4)

Insert (1) into (3)

a- b +c = 3
a- b +0 = 3
a- b = 3 ………………………... (5)
Forming Quadratic Equation
Solve this equations
4a + 2b = 0 …………………… (4)
a- b = 3 …………………… (5)

Using SUBSITUTION method, from (5)

a- b = 3
a =3+b ………………….. (6)

Insert (6) into (4)

4a + 2b = 0
4(3 + b) + 2b = 0
12 + 4b + 2b = 0
12 + 6b = 0
6b = -12
b = -2
Forming Quadratic Equation
Insert b = -2 into (6)
a =3+b
= 3 + (-2)
=1

So, a = 1, b = -2, c = 0

Insert into standard form of quadratic equation

y = ax2 + bx + c
= (1)x2 + (-2)x + 0
= x2 - 2x

Therefore, the QUADRATIC EQUATION is y = x2 – 2x

Exercise
Form a quadratic equation that passing through the following points:
(3,0), (4,0) and (0,12)