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HARBOURS
• A harbour is a sheltered area of the sea where
facilities for loading and unloading of cargo and
passengers are provided. In harbours vessels are
also built, repaired and launched. In time of storms
vessels may also take refuse in harbors.
- Natural harbours
- Semi natural harbours
- Artificial harbours
Natural Harbours:
• A natural harbours is an intel protected from storms and waves
by natural configuration of land (e.g): Rocky out crops and
island etc. as shown in fig 4.1.
• A natural harbor affords safe discharge facilities
for ships on sea coast in the form of creeks and
basins. Due to the rapid development of navies
engaged either in war or commerce, improved
facilities of repairs, storage of cargo,
accommodation and connected amenities need to
be provided in natural harbours.
• The size and draft of present day vessels have
necessitated the extension and improvement for
natural harbours. The factors such as development
of area, Growth of population and local
geographical features etc. have made the natural
harbours attractive and big.
Examples: Kandla and Bombay natural harbours.
. Semi natural harbours: This type of harbor is protected on sides by
head lands and requires artificial or manmade protection only at the
entrance as shown in fig 4.2. Example: Vikhapatnam harbour.
Artificial harbours: Countries having sea boards, but no natural
facilities for harbours as explained above, have to construct such
shelter using engineering skill and methods. These man made shelters
are known as artificial harbours as shown in fig 4.3. In other words an
artificial harbour is an area protected from the effect of waves either by
break waters or dredging as shown in fig 4.3. e.g Madras
Different components of the harbor as wharf, quay, breakwater, pier,
jetty etc. have been shown.
In the artificial harbour for maneuvering the ships
after they enter the harbour for going to or leaving
berth, a space known as turning basin is also
provided. To permit free turning this space should be
large enough. A naval vessel can have shelter during
bad weather within area of water close to shore,
providing a good hold for anchoring and protected by
natural or artificial harbour walls against the furry of
storms, such good berthing conditions are called a
road stead. Such road steads could be naturally
available or created artificially.
ROAD STEAD: two categories
• Natural road stead
• Artificial road stead
Hydrographic Survey
This survey consists in locating the shore line at low and high tide level
and positions of all obstructions or structures in water and along the
shore. This survey becomes easy at places where local tertiary and
minor trignometrical controls are available.
The depth of sea bed are obtained either by the use of fathometer or
echo sounder designed for the hydrographic surveys. Normally the
instruments is mounted on a motor boat which is kept along pre-
establish range line. The recording chart is automatically registered
natural profile of the sea bed or bottom. The sounding are taken at 7.5 m
intervals along lines 15m to 30m apart depending upon the nature of
bed and extent of the details required. From this data, hydrographic
charts are prepared, which help the navigators to steer safe courses
through channels. Thus sub marine hazared are avoided.
Topographic Survey
This survey is carried out to obtain the ground contours at intervals of
0.5m to 1.5m. The higher contour interval is used for rough terrain and in
area where there is little or no construction of importance exists. The
prominent irregularities between 30m interval should be examined
carefully. In addition to levels, the topographic survey should also include
the following details.
- Location of existing buildings and other structures
- Locations of borings and test pits etc.
- Prominent land marks
HARBOUR PLANNING
The planning of harbor should be carried out after collecting the necessary
information of the existing features at the proposed site. The following
important facts should be studied:
- To carry out a thorough survey of the neighbourehood including the force
shore and depths of water in the vicinity is necessary.
- The nature of the harbor, whether sheltered or not should be studied.
- The existence of sea insects which undermine the foundations should be
studed.
- The problem of silting or erosion of cost line should be studied carefully.
- To ascertain the character of the ground boring and sounding should be
taken.
- To know the probable surface conditions on land, borings on land should
also be made. It will be helpful in locating the harbor works correctly.
- The natural meteorological phenomenon should be studied at site with
respect to frequency of storms, rainfall, range of tides, maximum and minimum
temperatures, direction and intensity of winds, humidity, direction and velocity
of currents etc.
The harbor area required depends upon the following factors:
- On the size and number of ships to be accommodated in the harbor at a
time.
- On the length and width needed for movement of ships to and from berths.
- Type of cargo carried.
- At the same time harbor should not be too big to generate waves within it.
- To make the harbor useful for operating and dispatching ships, the water
depth in the entrance, approach channel and harbor basin should be sufficient
even at the low water spring tide.
- Besides these requirements the positioning of various elements is very
important i.e. the location and alignment of elements such as entrance,
approach channel, turning basin, break water, wharves, jetties’ and docks etc.
is very important to ensure easy manoeuverabilities and adequate
navigational facilities.
- The main function of a harbor is to provide a safe and suitable
accommodation to the vessels needing refuge, supplies, repairs, refueling or
transfer of cargo and passenger
FEATURES OF A HARBOUR
Followings are the constituents of a harbor:
(a) Entrance channel
(b) Approach channel
( c) Berthing basin
(d) Break waters
(e)Turning basin to allow gradual turning of the ship
(f) Quays and wharves
(g) Jetties and piers
(h) Docks
(i) Slipways
(j) Other ancillaries such as godowns, sheds, buoys, lights, fire protection
towers etc.
Harbour Entrance Channel
Usally the entrance to a harbor is more exposed to waves
compared to the harbor itself. Due to this fact depth and width
required at the entrance are more than those required in the
channel. The width at entrance also depends upon the density of
traffic and number of entrances. Besides navigational
requirements and the degree of protection the channel should
have what is desired with in the harbor. The entrance should be
wide enough for navigational requirements. How ever it should
not be too wide to increase dangerous tidal current and wave
height with in harbor.
Approach Channel
Ideally, the depth of the water naturally available in the entire
harbor area should be sufficient for the navigation of design
vessels at all the times. When the ideal conditions do not exist, a
channel with sufficint depth and width is dredged to provide
passage to ships between the harbor entrance and the docks.
The alignment and dimensions of the channel are determined
after considering factors involved in the design of the channel.
The terminology “approach channel” is used for the dredged fair
way through which ships proceed from the open sea to the
harbor basin.
Outer Channel
The portion of the channel which lies beyond the harbor
entrance in the open sea is called an outer channel.
Inner Channel
The portion of the channel lying between the harbor entrance
and harboour basin is called an inner channel. It is protected
from stroms and waves by natural configurations or break
waters.
Turning Basin
This is the area required for maneuvering or controlling the
movements of the ship when it goes or leaves the birth, so that
it can leave head on. The size of the turning basin primarily
depends on the designed dimensions of the vessel. The basin
should be designed in such a way that a ship may turn under
continous head way with out the help of a tug i.e. a turning basin
should be large enough to permit a free turning.
Sheltered Basin
It is the area protected by shore and break waters. In this area
other elements of the harbor are located. It also includes area
for anchorage for vessels.
Break waters
The structure constructed to protect the enclosed area of water
from strom waves is called break waters. The main Function of
break water or system of break waters is to protect the
enclosed area of water from storms and waves. Thus a break
water helps to achieve calm in the harbor and by contributes to
the safety of the vessels and its easy working.
Pier head
The monolithic structure usually provided at the tip of break
water is known as pier head.
Wharves and Quays
The structures constructed parallel to the shore or break water
with in the harbor to permit berthing of vessel along side for
cargo working are known as wharves and quays. They have back
fill of earth or other materials and have wide platform at the top.
Jetties and Piers
These are solid or open type structure with a wide platform on
top to provide space for loading and unloading of cargo from
vessel berthed along side them. They are built from the shore
towards sea water to reduce silting and dreading to allow free
flow of tidal currents.
Lock and Locked Basin
Locked basin is an enclosed basin where a number of vessels
can be berthed. It has an entrance which is controlled by lock
gates. The water with in locked basin is independent of out side
water level changes.
Dry- docks and slip ways
Essentially these are provided for maintenance, repairs and
construction of ships. A dock for the construction of ships is
known as a building dock. They can be kept dry for easy working.
Dry dock has a gate in the entrance which is closed after taking
the vessel in and the water is pumped out to make it dry.
Ancillaries
Under this head following items are included
1. Anchors
2. Buoys
3. Lights
4. Moorings
5. Transit sheds and water houses
6. Fire protection towers and other service units as may be
necessary
These are planned at different locations in the harbor and port
complex.
REQUIREMENTS OF A GOOD HARBOUR
Following are the requirements of a good harbor:
- The ship channels wheather natural or artificial should have
sufficient depth for the draft of the visiting vessels to the
harbor.
- The bottom of the harbor should provide secured anchorage to
hold the ships against the force of high winds.
- To protect against the destructive waves action, the land
masses or break water must be provided.
- The entrance of the harbor should be wide enough to provide
the ready passage for shipping and at the same time it should be
narrow enough to restrict the transmission of excessive amounts
of waves energy in the time of storms. Due to the drastic
changes in the size of ships the emphasis has been laid on the
deepening of channels.
Defects in harbours
Following defects have been noticed in the construction of many
harbours:
- The depth of water is found insufficient for the ships the be
berthed safely.
- The size of harbor is found insufficient to accommodate the
increased traffic.
- The quay or landing area between the berths is very narrow
and there is not enough room for the cargo to be stored.
- The whole area is very congested and obstruct the functioning
of the labour.
These defects can easily be avoided if provision of future
expension is kept at the time of planning and construction.
SHIP CHARACTERISTICS
The characteristic of ship affects the harbor design in following
respects:
- The principal type of vessels likely to visit the harbor will
determine the land requirement.
- The depth and width of the channel will depends on the size of
the largest vessel likely to use the waterways.
- The number of lanes of the channel will depend upon the
quantum of the traffic at the harbor.
- The factor such as speed of ship, alignment of channel etc.
also have impact on the development of the harbor.
DEFINATIONS RELATED TO SHIP
1. Load line – It indicates a line or set of lines on the outside of merchant ships
showing the water level upto which they can be legally loaded. This line is
also known as Plimsoll mark after English statesman (1824-98).
2. Displacement load – this weight of ship and its contents when fully loaded
with cargo to the loaded with cargo to the load line is known as displacement
load.
3. Displacement Light – The weight of ship in Kilo-Newton with out cargo, fuel
and stores is known as displacement light i.e. it is the weight of ship when
fully empty.
4. Dead weight tonnage – The difference between the displacement load and
displacement light is known as dead weight tonnage. It represent the carrying
weight capacity of a ship and is the mean of tropical, summer and winter dead
weight. It varies with latitude and season.
5. Gross tonnage – The carrying capacity of a ship expressed in volume
measurement is known as gross tonnage. Usually ships are registered with
tonnage expressed in units of 100 m3.
6. Net tonnage – The difference between gross tonnage and the space provided
for machinery, engine room, fuel and for the crew is known as net-tonnage.
7.Cargo tonnage – It is a commercial expression on the basis of which freight is
charged. It is also known as freight tonnage and can be measured either by
weight or volume.
8. Ballast. The weight added to the ship to improve its stability when it has
discharged its cargo is known as ballast. It is the weight of water in kilo-
Newton. Separate blast. Compartments are provided in the body of the ship.
9. Ship. A floating structure capable of motion for transporting cargo is known as a
ship.
10. Bow or forward end. The front portion of a ship is called its bow or forward
end.
11. Stem. The structural member at the extreme forward end of the ship is called
the stem.
12. Stern or after post. The back of the ship is called stern or after post.
13. Stern port. The structure member at the extreme after end or back is called
the stern post.
14. Keel. The structural member in the middle of bottom of the ship extending from
stem to stern is known as the keel of the ship. It is the back bone of ship.
15. Hatches. The openings in the deck through which cargo is put in
or taken out are known as hatches.
16. Star board side. The right hand side of a ship looking forward is
called star board side.
17. Port side. The left hand side of ship is called port side.
18. Forward perpendicular. When the ship is floating at its designed
position, where water touches the stem, the vertical line at this
point is called the forward perpendicular.
19. After perpendicular. A similar line as above where the water
touches the stern post is called after perpendicular.
20. Length between the perpendiculars. The length of the ship
measured between these two perpendiculars is known as length
between perpendiculars (L.B.A.).
21. Overall length. The length of the ship between the extreme point
of the stem and extreme point of the stern is called overall
length of the ship (L.O.A).
22. Beam. The width of the ship at the beam or section at the water
line is called the beam or breadth of the ship.
23. Water line. The line on the side of the ship made by the surface of
water is called water line.
24. Drought or Draft. When a ship floats at its designed water line,
the vertical distance between the bottom of the ship and water
line is called draft or draught of the ship.
25. Free board. The vertical distance between the draft and top of
the ship is called free board.
26. Depth of the ship. The height from the bottom of the ship to the
line up to which cargo is loaded is called the depth of the ship.
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