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Leeuwenhoek·s Microscope
´Leeuwenhoek is known to have
made over 500 "microscopes," All of
Leeuwenhoek's instruments were
simply powerful magnifying glasses,
not compound microscopes of the
type used today. Compared to
modern microscopes, it is an
extremely simple device, using only
one lens, mounted in a tiny hole in
the brass plate that makes up the
body of the instrument. The
specimen was mounted on the sharp
point that sticks up in front of the
lens, and its position and focus could
be adjusted by turning the two
screws. The entire instrument was
only 3-4 inches long, and had to be
held up close to the eye; it required
good lighting and great patience to
use.µ -www.ucmp.berkeley.edu
ãther Contributors
René Dutrochet proposed
that all living thing are
made up of cells. He was
the first to outline the cell
theory and discovered the
process of osmosis.
ãther Contributors
Robert Brown (1831) used
the word nucleus to
describe the dark, central
globule. (The word
nucleus is Latin for a

a

.) and proposed that
the nucleus was the
common constituent of
all cells.
ãther Contributors
Theodore Schwann together with
Matthias Schleiden, developed the
cell theory in 1839, which
identified cells as the fundamental
particles of plants and animals.
Schwann and Schleiden recognized
that some organisms are unicellular
while others are multicellular. They
also recognized membranes, nuclei
and cell bodies to be common cell
features and described them by
comparison of various animal and
plant tissues.
ãther Contributors
Rudolf Virchow is cited as
the first to recognize
leukemia. However, he is
perhaps best known for
his law ã  aaa
aaa ("every cell
originates from another
cell") which he published
in 1855.
 Modern Cell Theory
‡ All organisms are made up of cells.
‡ New cells are always produced from pre-existing
cells.
‡ The cell is a structural and functional unit of all
living things.
‡ The cell contains hereditary information which
is passed on from cell to cell during cell division.
‡ All cells are basically the same in chemical
composition and metabolic activities.
 Two Types of Cells
Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
a. Not bounded by a nuclear a. Bounded by a nuclear
membrane. membrane
b. Usually contains one circular b. Contains one or more
paired, linear chromosomes
chromosome composed of composed of
deoxyribonucleic acid deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA). (DNA).
c. No nucleolus. c. Nucleolus present.
d. Nuclear body is called a d. Nuclear body is called a
nucleoid. nucleus.
e. Reproduces by binary fission e. Reproduces by mitosis.
f. Examples are animals, plants,
f. Examples are bacteria algae, protozoans, and fungi
(Eubacteria and
Archaebacteria)
Diagrams of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Cells

prokaryotic (above: notice

the lack of organelles present)

eukaryotic (left: animals,

plants, algae, protozoans, and
fungi)
 Exception to Every Rule«
‡ Since viruses are acellular and possess both
living and nonliving characteristics, they are
considered neither prokaryotic nor eukaryotic.

HIV Virus
 Ticket ãut the Door!!

Describe how Hooke and

Leeuwenhoek contributed
to the modern day cell
theory.