Introduction to the

Internet and Web

Internet

 It was developed by American DoD in late 1960s.

 ARPA bought it in general use in early 70s
 It is the largest network in the world that connects
hundreds of thousands of individual networks all over the
world.
 The popular term for the Internet is the “Information
super-highway”.
 Rather than moving through geographical space, it
moves your ideas and information through cyberspace –
the space of electronic movement of ideas and
information.
Internet

 No one owns it
 It has no formal management organization.
 As it was originally developed by the Department of
defense, this lack of centralization made it less
vulnerable to wartime or terrorist attacks.
 To access the Internet, an existing network need to
pay a small registration fee and agree to certain
standards based on the TCP/IP (Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol) .
Internet

 Thus it is a world wide system of computer network which

users at any one computer can access, if they have
permission to get information from any other computer.
 The word Internet comes from two words
INTERconnection & NETwork
Working of Internet

 The network in Internet cooperates with each other to exchange

data using common software standard known as protocol.
 Protocol is ideally defined as set of rules
 One of the most famous protocol suite used in network is TCP/IP (
Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol )
 Data travels in the form of packets.
 TCP breaks the information in the form of packets.
 IP is responsible for moving the packet from one place to another
 TCP adds support to detect errors or lost data & to trigger re
transmission until data is completely received.
 TCP is then responsible for reassembling all packets.
How to access the Internet?

 To access the Internet, an existing network need to pay

a small registration fee and agree to certain standards
based on the TCP/IP (Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol) reference model.
 Each organization pays for its own networks and its own
telephone bills, but those costs usually exist
independent of the internet.
 The regional Internet companies route and forward all
traffic, and the cost is still only that of a local telephone
call.
Owner of Internet

 No one owes Internet

 ISP is a commercial organization with permanent
connection to the Internet that sells temporary connections
to subscribers.
 In olden days this process was handled by ARPANET.
 Internet is governed by IETF, NTIA, InterNIC, ICANN(Internet
Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers)
Internet Connections

 Dial-Up Connection
 Broadband Service
 Digital Subscriber Lines
 Wireless
Usage of Internet

 Data Retrieval (Visiting Website)

 E-Services
 Web Search engines
 Communication (Mailing, Chatting, Social-
Networking)
What is Web?

 The Web (World Wide Web) consists of information organized into

Web pages containing text and graphic images.
 It contains hypertext links, or highlighted keywords and images
that lead to related information.
 A collection of linked Web pages that has a common theme or
focus is called a Web site.
 The main page that all of the pages on a particular Web site are
organized around and link back to is called the site’s home page.
Client-Server Architecture
 Client/Server Structure of the Web

 Web is a collection of files that reside on computers,

called Web servers, that are located all over the world
and are connected to each other through the Internet.
 When you use your Internet connection to become part
of the Web, your computer becomes a Web client in a
worldwide client/server network.
 A Web browser is the software that you run on your
computer to make it work as a web client.
 Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

 The public files on the web servers are ordinary text files,
much like the files used by word-processing software.
 To allow Web browser software to read them, the text
must be formatted according to a generally accepted
standard.
 The standard used on the web is Hypertext markup
language (HTML).
 Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

 HTML uses codes, or tags, to tell the Web browser software

how to display the text contained in the document.
 For example, a Web browser reading the following line of text:
<B> A Review of the Book<I>Wind Instruments of the 18th
Century</I></B>
 recognizes the <B> and </B> tags as instructions to display the
entire line of text in bold and the <I> and </I> tags as
instructions to display the text enclosed by those tags in italics.
 HTTP

 The transfer protocol is the set of rules that the computers

use to move hypertext files from one computer to another
on the Internet.
 The most common transfer protocol used on the Internet is
the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
 Some Other commonly used protocols on the Internet are
the TCP, IP & FTP,SMTP.
 FTP

 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard network protocol used

to transfer files from one host to another over a TCP-based
network, such as the Internet.
 FTP is built on a client-server architecture and utilizes separate
control and data connections between the client and server.
 FTP users may authenticate themselves using a clear-text sign-
in protocol but can connect anonymously if the server is
configured to allow it.
TCP

 The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is one of the

core protocols of the Internet.
 TCP provides reliable, ordered and error-checked
delivery of a stream of Packets between programs
running on computers connected to a Internet.
IP

 The Internet Protocol (IP), as the primary protocol in

the Internet, has the task of delivering packets from
the source host to the destination host solely based
on the IP addresses in the packet headers.
SMTP

 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is an Internet

standard for electronic mail (e-mail) transmission.
 While electronic mail servers and other mail transfer
agents use SMTP to send and receive mail messages,
user-level client mail applications typically use SMTP only
for sending messages to a mail server for relaying.
 Addresses on the Web:IP Addressing

 Each computer on the internet does have a unique

identification number, called an IP (Internet Protocol)
address.
 The IP addressing system currently in use on the Internet
uses a four-part number.
 Each part of the address is a number ranging from 0 to
255, and each part is separated from the previous part
by period,
 For example, 192.168.202.5
 IP Addressing

 The combination of the four IP address parts provides 4.3

billion possible addresses (256 x 256 x 256 x 256).
 This number seemed adequate until 1998.
 New adaption is IPv6
 Domain Name Addressing

 Most web browsers do not use the IP address to locate Web sites
and individual pages.
 They use domain name addressing.
 A domain name is a unique name associated with a specific IP
address by a program that runs on an Internet host computer.
 This program, which coordinates the IP addresses and domain
names for all computers attached to it, is called DNS (Domain
Name System ) software.
 The host computer that runs this software is called a domain
name server.
 Domain Name Addressing

 Domain names can include any number of parts separated by

periods, however most domain names currently in use have only
three or four parts.
 Domain names follow hierarchical model that you can follow from
top to bottom if you read the name from the right to the left.
 For example, the domain name smit.kskvku.edu is the computer
connected to the Internet at the Sanskar College (smit), which is an
academic unit of the Kutch Uni. (kskvku), which is an educational
institution (edu).
 No other computer on the Internet has the same domain name.
 Uniform Resource Locators

 The IP address and the domain name each identify a particular

computer on the Internet.
 However, they do not indicate where a Web page’s HTML document
resides on that computer.
 To identify a Web pages exact location, Web browsers rely on Uniform
Resource Locator (URL).
 URL is a four-part addressing scheme that tells the Web browser:
 What transfer protocol to use for transporting the file
 The domain name of the computer on which the file resides
 The pathname of the folder or directory on the computer on which the file resides
 The name of the file
Structure of ‘URL’

pathname
protocol

http://www.wikipedia.org/help/faq.htm
Domain name filename
IRC

 Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is a form of real-time Internet text

messaging (chat) or synchronous conferencing.
 It is mainly designed for group communication in discussion
forums, called channels,but also allows one-to-one
communication via private message as well as chat and data
transfer, including file sharing.
IM

 Instant messaging (IM) is a form of real-time direct text-based

communication between two or more people using personal computers
or other devices, along with shared clients.
 The user's text is conveyed over a network, such as the Internet. More
advanced instant messaging software clients also allow enhanced
modes of communication, such as live voice or video calling.
 IM falls under the umbrella term online chat, since it is also text-based
communication done in real-time, but is distinct in that it is based on
clients that facilitate connections between specified known users (often
using "Buddy List", "Friend List" or "Contact List"), whereas online 'chat' also
includes web-based applications that allow communication between
(often anonymous) users in a multi-user environment.
 Usenet

 Usenet is a worldwide
distributed Internet
discussion system.
 Users read and post
messages (called articles or
posts, and collectively
termed news) to one or
more categories, known as
newsgroups.
Usenet (Cont.)

 Usenet resembles a bulletin board system (BBS) in many respects,

and is the precursor to the various Internet forums that are widely
used today. Usenet can be superficially regarded as a hybrid
between email and web forums. Discussions are threaded, with
modern news reader software, as with web forums
 The articles that users post to Usenet are organized into topical
categories called newsgroups, which are themselves logically
organized into hierarchies of subjects. For instance, sci.math and
sci.physics are within the sci hierarchy, for science. When a user
subscribes to a newsgroup, the news client software keeps track of
which articles that user has read.
 Usenet (Cont.)

 When a user posts an article, it is initially only available on that user's

news server. Each news server, however, talks to one or more other
servers (its "newsfeeds") and exchanges articles with them. In this
fashion, the article is copied from server to server and (if all goes
well) eventually reaches every server in the network.
Internet – a Glimpse