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Lecture 1
• Introduction:
-General issues on Clinical Microbiology
Laboratory
-Isolation and identification of medically
important organisms
• Lecture 2
• Collection and transportation of laboratory specimens
• -Throat and Nasopharyngeal specimens
• -Sputum
• -Ear and Eye Specimen
• -Stool and rectal swab
• -Genital tract specimen
• - Skin lesions
• -Wound
• - Biopsy material
• -Cerebrospinal fluid
• -Blood
•
• Lecture 3
• Laboratory examination of clinical specimens
• - Microscopy
• - Culture
• - Biotyping
• - Serotyping
• -Antibiogram
• -Molecular typing
• Lecture 4
• Nosocomial infections
• - Definition
• -Predisposing factors
• - Pathogens and site of infection
• -Routes of transmission
• -Prevention and control
• Lecture 5
• -Test
• Lecture 6: Clinically important Viruses
• -Adenovirus
• - Human Papilloma Virus
• -Lentiviruses
• -Herpes/Alpha viruses
• -Rotavirus
• -Enteroviruses
• -Hepatitis viruses
• Filoviruses
• Lecture 7: Clinical mycology
• -Opportunistic fungi
• -Systemic fungi
• -Dermatophytes
• Lecture 10:
• -Practicals
Laboratory Management
• -Human resource management
• Managers need to understand human behaviour
and manage people and incorporate the
following into their managerial skills
-Motivation
-Perception
-Communication
-Leadership/management skills
-Group dynamics
-Morale
• Planning and Implementation
• Management must plan to make things work
taking the following into consideration:
-The business plan: Lab missions, goals and
objectives
-The marketing plan: customers, test products,
services
-Operation plan: facilities, equipment, capacity
-Staffing plan: workload, staffing requirement
-Financial plan: capital, financial resources, budget
etc.
It is important to note that cost is a critical element
of the Lab’s planning process.
• Control
• After the plan is implemented, management must
monitor or evaluate the overall process and product
quality, compare the results to the initial goals and
expectations, and explore possible alternatives.
• Improvement
• Quality improvement is a management tool used to:
-define customer’s expectations
-describe and evaluate the processes used to provide
service
-continuously improve these processes and outcomes
• QI should focus on the customer’s need rather
than process problems and should rely on
training and prevention to improve service.
Vaccines
Two ways:
• 1. -known antigen is bound to latex particles
-Assay for patient sample for antibody.
• ATG*
• AT*
• A*
• Next-Generation DNA Sequencing
• Next-generation sequencing (NGS), also
known as high-throughput sequencing, is the
catch-all term used to describe a number of
different modern sequencing technologies
including:
• Illumina (Solexa) sequencing
• Roche 454 sequencing
• Ion torrent: Proton / PGM sequencing
• SOLiD sequencing
• These recent technologies allow us to
sequence DNA and RNA much more quickly
and cheaply than the previously used Sanger
sequencing, and as such have revolutionised
the study of genomics and molecular biology.
• In situ Hybridization
– Most sensitive and specific means of identifying the location of
genes on chromosome.
– Requires NA probes labeled by incorporation of nucleotides
modified with molecules such as biotin.
– Visualization is achieved using Abs conjugated to fluorochromes.
– Major advantage is that radioactivity not required; rapid;
amenable to computerized storage and manipulation; sensitive;
gives accurate signal localization; allows simultaneous analysis
of 2 or more fluorochromes, and provides quan and spatial
distribution of the signal.
• Microarrays
– Collection of microscopic features, most
commonly DNA which can be probed with target
molecules to produce either quantitative effects
such as gene expression, or qualitative such as
diagnostic data.
– Various types do exist: protein, DNA etc.
– Microarrays can be distinguished based on
characteristics such as nature of the probe, the
solid-surface support used and the specific
method used for addressing and/or target
detection