Etruscan and Roman Architecture

etruscan
and
roman
architecture
History of Architecture 1
BS ARCHI 1-3
energizer
topics
covered
• Geographic Location
• Climatic Conditions & Environmental
Factors
• Form of Government / Seat of Power
• Way of Life & Society
• Notable Persons / Leaders /
Architects
• Architectural Terminologies
• Architectural Materials, Characters,
Influences & Features / Decorations
• Notable Buildings & Structures
Geographic
Location
GeographicLocation
ETRUSCANS
• Settlers of ancient central Italy
• Expanded from the Alps up to
the western part of the Italian
peninsula, and the island of
Corsica
• The once city-state of Rome
was under their influence
• Defeated in the Roman-
Etruscan War during the 3rd
century B.C.
GeographicLocation
• The Roman empire realm has reached as far as the British isles up to
Mesopotamia.
• Iberia, Gallia, Brittania Macedonia, Armenia, Mesopotamia,
Babylonia, Judea, Ægyptus, Northern Africa.
• Mare Nostrum (Our Sea), present day Mediterranean Sea.
• Greatest Extent of the Empire is under Emperor Trajan in 117 AD with
almost 5 million square km of territory.
GeographicLocation
Climatic Condition
& Environmental
Factors
Climatic Condition
& Environmental
Factors
• Climate of Italy varies greatly as we pass from the north to the

south.
• The north has the climate of the temperate region of continental

Europe; central Italy is more genial and sunny; while the south is
almost tropical.
• Because of the climatic condition and environmental factors

Etruscan plan and build Etruscan towns and cities that take
Climatic Condition
& Environmental
Factors
• The wall surrounding the early city of Rome, City

walls for defense did not seem an important part of
town planning if the choice of the site offered
enough security.
Climatic Condition
& Environmental
Factors
• No remains of Etruscan homes

have been found, but the interiors
of tombs and house-shaped
funerary urns, suggest that they
had flat or gabled roofs of tile and
one to three rooms. Later
examples had an atrium, with an
open roof over a pool for
Climatic Condition
& Environmental
Factors
• The roof was decorated along

the eaves and ridgepole and
at the gable ends with
brilliantly painted terra-cotta
statuary, which also served
the practical purpose of
hiding tile joints and rafter
ends. Plaques with low-relief
figures adorned the
entablature and a loggia —
an Italian plan continued by
the Romans.
Climatic Condition
& Environmental
Factors
• The Etruscans introduced rectangular urban planning. They

drained the surrounding marshes and built underground
sewers. They built public works using the arch and vault, and
laid out roads and bridges. Overall, the Romans owed a great
deal to the Etruscans.
• The genius they would show for urban planning, road and
bridge building, and other projects such as public aqueducts
Form of Government
Seat
/ of Power
Form of
Seat of Power
Government /
ETRUSCAN AUTHORITY AND GOVERNMENT

• The historical Etruscans had achieved a state system of
society.
• The Etruscan state government was essentially a
theocracy.
Form of
Seat of Power
Government /
LEADERS AND RULERS

Rulers of Clusium Rulers of Veii
Lars Porsena was Lars Tolumnius was the most
an Etruscan king known for famous king of the
his war against the city wealthy Etruscan city-
of Rome. There are no state of Veii, roughly ten miles
established dates for his rule, northwest of Rome, best
but Roman sources often remembered for instigating a
place the war at around 508 war with Rome that ended in a
Rulers of Caere
BC.
Rulers of Arimnus
decisive Roman victory.
Lausus was the son Arimnestos was the

of the ousted commander of the Plataean
Etruscan king contingent at the battles of
Mezentius, and Marathon and Plataea during
the Greco-Persian Wars.
fought with him
against Aeneas and
the Trojans in Italy.
Form of
Seat of Power
Government /
ROMAN AUTHORITY AND GOVERNMENT

• The Roman government took on many different forms
from its centuries-long existence, back to its legendary
founding.
Ancient Rome
• In historiography, ancient Rome
is Roman civilization from the
founding of the Italian city of
Rome in the 8th century BC to
the collapse of the Western
Roman Empire in the 5th The Roman Forum is a rectangular forum (plaza) surrounded by the
century AD ruins of several important ancient government buildings at the center

of the city of Rome.
Form of
Seat of Power
Government /

Roman Kingdom
• The city and its

territory were ruled by
kings. The kings were
all elected by the
people of Rome to
serve for life. Elective
monarchy is practiced. The Victory of Tullus Hostilius (672-640 BC) over the Forces of Veii and Fidenae"
oil on Canvas.
Form of
Seat of Power
Government /
LEADERS AND RULERS
Romulus was the legendary founder

and first king of Rome. Various
traditions attribute the establishment of
many of Rome's oldest legal, political,
religious, and social institutions to
Romulus and his contemporaries
Form of
Seat of Power
Government /

Roman Republic
• The Roman Republic was the era of classical

Roman civilization beginning with the
overthrow of the Roman Kingdom,
traditionally dated to 509 BC, and ending in
27 BC with the establishment of the Roman
Empire. . The primary positions of power
within a republic are not inherited, but are
attained through democracy, oligarchy or
The Roman Senate
autocracy. It is a form of government under
which the head of state is not a hereditary
monarch.
Form of
Seat of Power
Government /
LEADERS AND RULERS

A consul held the highest elected political office of the
Roman Republic.
Marcus Vipsanius
Lucius Junius
Agrippa was a
Brutus was the
Roman consul,
founder of the Roman
statesman, general
Republic and
and architect. He was
traditionally one of the
responsible for the
first consuls in 509
construction of some
BC. This followed his
of the most notable
successful overthrow
buildings in the
of the Roman
history of Rome
monarchy.
Form of
Seat of Power
Government /

Roman Empire
The Roman Empire was

the post-Republican
period of ancient Rome,
with an absolute
monarchy type of
government.
Destruction of Empire by Thomas Cole, 18th century, oil on canvas / New York
Gallery of Fine Arts
Form of
Seat of Power
Government /
LEADERS AND RULERS

The Roman emperor was the ruler of the Roman Empire
during the imperial period.
Augustus was a Roman Constantine XI
statesman and military
leader who was the first
Dragases
emperor of the Roman Palaiologos was the
Empire, reigning from 27 last reigning Roman
BC until his death in AD 14. and Byzantine
His status as the founder of Emperor, ruling as a
the Roman Principate has member of the
consolidated an enduring Palaiologos dynasty
legacy as one of the most
from 1449 to his
effective and controversial
leaders in human history.
death in battle at the
fall of Constantinople
in 1453.
Way of Life & Society
Way of Life &
Society
ETRUSCAN CIVILIZATION
• The Etruscan civilization flourished in central
Italy between the 8th and 3rd century BCE.
The culture was renowned in antiquity for its
rich mineral resources and as a major
Mediterranean trading power.
• Nevertheless, surviving Etruscan tombs, their

contents and their wall paintings, as well as
the Roman adoption of certain Etruscan
clothing, religious practices, and architecture,
are convincing testament to the great
prosperity and significant contribution to
Mediterranean culture achieved by Italy's first
Way of Life &
Society
VILLANOVAN CULTURE
• The Villanovan culture developed during the Iron Age in central Italy
from around 1100 BCE. The name is actually misleading as the culture
is, in fact, the Etruscans in their early form. There is no evidence of
migration or warfare to suggest the two peoples were different.
• Houses were typically circular and made of wattle and daub walls and
thatch roofs with wooden and terracotta decoration added; pottery
models survive which were used to store the ashes of the deceased.
Way of Life &
Society
ETRURIA
• The Etruscan cities were independent city-states linked to each
other only by a common religion, language, and culture in general.
Geographically spread from the Tiber River in the south to parts of
the Po Valley in the north are the major Etruscan cities.
Way of Life &
Society
ETRUSCAN CIVILIZATION
• Prosperity was based on fertile lands and improved agricultural
tools to better exploit it; rich local mineral resources, especially
iron; the manufacture of metal tools, pottery, and goods in
precious materials such as gold and silver; and a trade network
which connected the Etruscan cities to each other
• Etruscan cities teamed with Carthage to successfully defend their

trade interests against a Greek naval fleet at the Battle of Alalia
(aka Battle of the Sardinian Sea) in 540 BCE.
Way of Life &
Society
GOVERNMENT & SOCIETY

• Etruscan society had various levels of social status from
foreigners and slaves to women and male citizens. Males
of certain clan groups seem to have dominated key roles
in the areas of politics, religion and justice and one's
membership of a clan was likely more important than
even which city one came from. Women enjoyed more
freedom than in most other ancient cultures, for example,
being able to inherit property in their own right, even if
they were still not equal to males and unable to
participate in public life beyond social and religious
occasions.
Way of Life &
Society
ETRUSCAN RELIGION
• The religion of the Etruscans was polytheistic with gods for all those
important places, objects, ideas, and events, which were thought to
affect or control everyday life.
ETRUSCAN HOUSING
• Although Etruscan tombs were
seemingly built to last for centuries
using stone or rock-cut chambers,
everyday domestic architecture was built
from more perishable materials: wood,
sun-dried mud brick, or waddle and daub
for the walls. Examples of the 7th-6th-
century BCE circular and oval huts at
Acquarossa show that the walls there
once had a plaster covering.
Way of Life &
Society
ETRUSCAN HOUSING
• From the early 6th century BCE houses

have multiple intercommunicating
rooms, sometimes with a hall and a
private courtyard.
• Early Etruscan settlements were

constructed on easily defended
plateaus and ridges, but those towns
located in places considered vulnerable
to attack were further protected by
stone walls and ditches.
Way of Life &
Society
ETRUSCAN HOUSING
• The earliest Etruscan sacred spaces had no
architecture to speak of, merely being an outdoor
area defined as sacred with an altar where rites
were performed. Some areas had a rectangular
podium from where omens could be observed.
Way of Life &
Society
ETRUSCAN TOMBS
• Simple stone cavities cut into the ground, with a jar of the
deceased's ashes and a few daily objects placed in them,
gave way to larger stone tombs enclosed in tumuli and,
even later, free-standing buildings often set in orderly
rows
Tumuli are made from a

circular tufa block base
and lower courses
arranged in a circle.
Tomb of the Chariots, Populonia

Way of Life &
Society
• The Roman Empire continued to expand,

stretching its borders to encompass the entire
Mediterranean Sea as well as expanding
northward to Gaul and Britain.
• Despite the sometimes shameful deeds of the

imperial office, the empire was built on the backs
of its citizens - the unsung people who lived a
relatively quiet existence, and who are often
ignored by history.
Way of Life &
Society
POPULATION MOVEMENT
• Outside the cities, in the towns and on the
small farms, people lived a much simpler life
- dependent almost entirely on their own
labor. The daily life of the average city
dweller, however, was a lot different and
most often routine.
Most Roman tenement blocks were over-crowded
& extremely dangerous resulting in residents living
in constant fear of fire.
Way of Life &
Society
HOUSING – APARTMENT BLOCKS

• As elsewhere, whether on a farm or in the
city, daily life still centered on the home,
and when people arrived in the city, their
first concern was to find a place to live.
Space was at a premium in a walled
metropolis like Rome, and from the
beginning little attention was paid to the
housing needs of the people who
migrated to the city
• The majority of Roman citizens, not all of

them poor, lived in these apartment
buildings or insulae
Way of Life &
Society

• The early Romans adopted culture from their neighbors, the
Greeks, and Etruscans, in particular, but imprinted their unique
stamp on their borrowings.
• The Roman Empire then spread this culture far and wide, affecting
diverse areas of the modern world. For instance, we still have
colosseums and satire, for entertainment, aqueducts to supply
water, and sewers to drain it. Roman-built bridges still span rivers,
while distant cities are located along remnants of actual Roman
roads. Going further and higher, the names of Roman gods pepper
our constellations. Some parts of Roman culture are gone but
remain intriguing. Chief among these are the gladiators and death
games in the arena.
Way of Life &
Society

• Poverty throughout the city was apparent, whether through
one’s lack of education or manner of dress, and life in these
tenements reflected this disparity.
Way of Life &
Society
PRIVATE VILLAS
• On the contrary, most of the wealthy residents - those who
didn’t live in villas outside the city - lived in a domus.
Way of Life &
Society
CONCLUSION
• Daily life in a Roman city was completely dependent on
one’s economic status. The city, however, remained a
mixture of wealth and poverty, often existing side by side.
• The wealthy had the benefit of slave labor whether it was

heating the water at the baths, serving them their evening
meal, or educating their children. The poor, on the other
hand, had no access to education, lived in run-down
tenements, and sometimes lived off the charity of the city.
Way of Life &
Society
The Colosseum in Rome is an amphitheater. It was developed

as an improvement over the Circus Maximus for gladiatorial
combats, wild beast fights (venationes), and mock naval
battles (naumachiae).
Way of Life &
Society
In ancient Rome, gladiators

fought, often to the death,
to entertain crowds of
spectators.
Roman theater began as a

translation of Greek forms,
in combination with native
song and dance, farce and
improv.
Way of Life &
Society
• The Romans are renowned for

engineering marvels, among which
is the aqueduct that carried water
for many miles in order to provide
a crowded urban population with
relatively safe, potable water and
water for latrines.
• Roman roads, specifically viae,

were the veins and arteries of the
Roman military system.
Way of Life &
Society
• Most of the Roman and Greek Gods

and Goddesses share enough
attributes to be considered roughly the
same, but with a different name --
Latin for the Roman, Greek for the
Greek.
• Ancient Roman priests were

administrative officials rather than
mediators between men and gods.
Notable Persons /
Leaders / Architects
Notable Persons /
marcu
HADRIAN
HADRIAN
HADRIAN
s HADRIAN
Notable Persons /
MARCUS VITRUVIUS POLLIO

• the architect of Julius Caesar
from 58 to 51 BCE
• made a book entitled De
Architectura in which he saw
architecture as a unification of
arts and sciences that would help
create a more ideal society
• Vitruvian Triad: stability,
usefulness, and beauty
Notable Persons /
APOLLODORUS OF DAMASCUS
• 2nd century architect from
Damascus; said to be a rival to
Vitruvius’s fame
• Designed the Trajan’s Column, a
980-foot tool tall monument
celebrating Trajan’s victory over the
Dacians
• Trajan’s Forum – a major public
square that surrounded Trajan’s
Column; built by the emperors to
demonstrate their respect for the
Notable Persons /
Trajan’s Column
Notable Persons /
Trajan’s Forum
Notable Persons /
HADRIAN
• Emperor of Rome from 117 to
138 CE, successor of Trajan
• Had a keen interest in
architecture in which for him
represented education,
intellect and sophistication
• Transformed the city of Rome
and many places throughout
the empire to unite the people
Notable Persons /
HADRIAN
• Built the Pantheon, one of the
most iconic buildings of its age
and remains the largest un-
reinforced concrete dome in the
world which has a span of 43.3
meters
• Temple of Venus and Roma –
dedicated to the goddesses
Venus Felix ("Venus the Bringer
of Good Fortune") and Roma
Notable Persons /
Pantheon in Rome
Notable Persons /
Temple of Venus and

Roma
Architectural
Terminologies
ArchitecturalTerminologies
terracotta
a type of earthenware, is a
clay-based unglazed or
glazed ceramic, where the
fired body is porous.
cuniculus
diversionary water channel, used by ancient
civilizations on the Italian Peninsula. As the general
ancient Italian use derives from the Etruscan use,
the term has a special significance of Etruscan
cuniculi.
Tuscan order
simplest of the five orders of
Classical Roman architecture, which
were codified in the Renaissance. It
resembles the Doric order but has a
simpler base and an unadorned
frieze.
Doric order
tufa
a kind of limestone that is very common in Italy. The
Etruscans and the Romans used tufa a lot in early
temples and in their tombs. But gradually they
started using finer stones like travertine and marble
instead. By the time of Julius Caesar, tufa was
mainly used where it wouldn’t show- in the
foundations of buildings, or where it was going to be
covered with slabs of marble or stucco.
cella the frequently hidden inner part of a Greek or

Roman temple that housed the image of the deity
ashlar
masonry made of large square-cut
stones, typically used as a facing on
walls of brick or stone.
domus
the type of house occupied by the
upper classes and some wealthy
freedmen during the Republican and
Imperial eras. It was found in almost all
the major cities throughout the Roman
territories.
opus caementicium
Roman concrete, was a material used in construction
during the late Roman Republic until the fading of the
Roman Empire.
colonnade
a long sequence of columns joined by their
entablature, often free-standing, or part of a
building.
a wedge-shaped element,
voussoir typically a stone, which is
used in building an arch or
vault.
an arched form used to provide a

vault space with a ceiling or roof. Was
used both by Etruscans and
Romans.
keyston
the wedge-shaped stone piece at the apex of a masonry arch,
e
or the generally round one at the apex of a vault. In both
cases it is the final piece placed during construction and locks
all the stones into position, allowing the arch or vault to bear
weight.
springer
the lowest voussoir on each side of an arch. Since it is the
bottom-most element of the arch, it is where the arch support
terminates at the responds. It rests on the impost or pier of
the arch, that is, the topmost part of the abutment, from
which the arch arises.
pozzolana
a broad class of siliceous or siliceous and aluminous materials
which, in themselves, possess little or no cementitious value
but which will, in finely divided form and in the presence of
water, react chemically with calcium hydroxide at ordinary
temperature to form compounds possessing cementitious
properties.
post-and-lintel system
a building system where strong
horizontal elements are held up by
strong vertical elements with large
spaces between them.
recap
GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION
• Etruscan Civilization - most influential settlers of ancient

Italy back when Rome was still a weak city state,
eventually defeated and annexed by the Romans.
• Roman Empire - Romans successfully conquered

Mesopotamia, Greece, Egypt, and more than the half of
the European continent. This shows the evidence of the
Romans' excellence in wars.
CLIMATIC CONDITIONS &
ENVIRONMENTAL
FACTORS
FORM OF GOVERNMENT / SEAT OF POWER
• Etruscan Government - Established a state system of

society and practiced theocracy.
• Roman Kingdom - Government ruled by kings and
practiced elective monarchy.
• Roman Republic - Power attained not through hereditary
monarchy but through democracy.
• Roman Empire - Absolute monarchy of government, the
emperor holds supreme authority not restricted by any
written laws.
WAY OF LIFE & SOCIETY
NOTABLE PERSONS
MARCUS VITRUVIUS APOLLODORUS OF HADRIAN
POLLIO DAMASCUS • Emperor of Rome
• the architect of Julius • 2nd century architect from 117 to 138 CE
Caesar from 58 to 51 from Damascus • The Pantheon - the
BCE • Trajan’s Column largest un-reinforced
• De Architectura - concrete dome in the
architecture as a world
unification of arts • Temple of Venus
and sciences for a and Roma
more ideal society
• Vitruvian Triad:
utilitas, firmitas,
venustas
ARCHITECTURAL
TERRACOTTATERMINOLOGIES
“baked earth,” for architectural décor
CUNICULUS Diversionary water channel; used to

mine into the citadel
TUSCAN ORDER Resembles the Doric order but simpler
TUFA Heavily used by Etruscan and Romans;

eventually replaced by travertine
CELLO Inner part of a temple; houses a deity
image
ASHLAR
Large square-cut stones
ARCHITECTURAL
COLONNADETERMINOLOGIES
a long sequence of columns
VAULT, VOUSSOIR, To provide a space with a ceiling or

KEYSTONE, roof
SPRINGER
OPUS “Roman concrete”; used for

CAEMENTICIUM construction
POZZOLANA From volcanic ashes; siliceous-like

material
POST-AND-LINTEL
Strong vertical and horizontal
Architectural
Materials, Characters,
Influences & Features /
Decoration
Architectural Materials,
Influences &Characters,
Features / Decoration
ETRUSCAN
CONSTRUCTION
EtruscanMATERIALS
architecture employed
the crude wattle, daub technique,
half-timber construction in the
construction of stone foundations.
"Tufa" is a porous volcanic rock
common in Italy, and "ashlar"
describes large, squared stones.
Mud brick and wood were the
main materials of temple wall
construction throughout most of
Etruscan history.
INFLUENCES
• The Etruscans were the first people
in northern and central Italy to build
big buildings out of stone.
• The Architecture of the ancient
Etruscans was derived from that of
the Greeks and went on to influence
that of early Rome.
• The Etruscan-style temples had a
form of its own that resisted the
growing influence of Greek
architecture.
• The Etruscan temple was more
open in plan than the Greek and it
INFLUENCES
• The Architecture of the ancient
Etruscans was derived from that
of the Greeks and went on to
influence that of early Rome.
• The Etruscan-style temples had
a form of its own that resisted
the growing influence of Greek
architecture.
• The Etruscan temple was more
open in plan than the Greek and
it is influenced by the
observation of natural
phenomena.
INFLUENCES
Etruscan towns and cities were

situated to take advantage of
water supply and defensive
positions. City walls for defense
did not seem an important part
of town planning if the choice of
the site offered enough security.
Etruscan cuniculus water system

FEATURES
• Etruscan houses tended to be oval in plan were of the
wattle and daub type of construction with a thatched roof.
• Mid-century, rectangular houses were built on stone
foundation with wooden framing and unbaked mud brick.
• Gradually house plans developed from a broad layout with
an entrance vestibule and a few rooms to one with a long
entrance corridor leading to a courtyard surrounded by
several rooms. This type of house with an interior courtyard
was carried on in later Roman dwellings with an atrium, a
larger and more formal central court.
Remains of Etruscan Houses
Wattle and Daub

ORNAMENTS & DECORATIONS

• The Etruscans believe in an
afterlife thus the Etruscan
tomb paintings along with
goods, gold jewelry and dinner
sets comforted and helped the
deceased on their journey.
• The wall decoration of tombs
of both types included relief
carving and painting. The
subject matter of Etruscan
tomb painting included the
funerary banquet as well as
scenes from Greek mythology.
Etruscan temples were heavily

decorated with colorfully painted
terracotta antefixes and other
fittings. The Etruscans used
terracotta for decorative elements
and roof tiling.
Etruscan Ornament
Etruscan Ornaments, which are

relatively similar to Greek
Ornaments were mainly used in Etruscan Terracotta
painting vases especially with Roof Decorations
creating vase for the dead.

ROMAN
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
Romans utilized
various materials to
create their cement,
these are:
• Tufa
By mixing Mortars and Pozzolana together,
• Travertine
they were able to come up with the Roman
• Pozzolana
Cement called opus caementicium which is
• Mortar
stronger and more durable and sets
• Pumice
underwater.
They used certain types of bricks in
constructing buildings such as
domes and columns, these are:
• Fired Brick
• Sun-dried mud bricks
• Square-shaped bricks
• Circular Bricks
Tufa and Pumice were used in

creating domes because it is light
weight.
They also make use of
other materials to
highlight significant
structures. Some of the
materials are:
• Stucco
• Marble Veneer
Romans used Basalt in

paving and roads and
Egyptian grey and pink
granite are used for
obelisks and columns.
BUILDING FEATURES &

CHARACTER
The Romans were the first civilization
to fully exploit arched construction, in
which a roof is supported by arches.
These arches is an essential to
Romans Architecture. These Arches
direct the weight so that it is
concentrated on the upright supports
thus, fewer columns are needed and
larger open spaces can be created
BUILDING FEATURES &

CHARACTER
The usage of marble was an extravagance on their period it wasn’t
until the govern Augustus, the use of marble became more widespread.
The most commonly used from Italy was Carrara marble from
Tuscany.
Colored Varieties were also much favored by the Roman Architects
such as yellow Numidian marble from North Africa, purple Phyrgian
from central Turkey, red porphyry from Egypt and green-veined
Carystian marble from Euboea. Foreign marble was mainly reserved
for use in columns and imperial projects.
“Found Rome a city of brick and left it a city of
marble.”
BUILDING FEATURES &

CHARACTER
Roman Architecture wouldn’t be
complete without the Home to
temples, palaces, triumphal
arches, arcades. These
architectural designs include:
• Basilica
• Aqueducts
• Amphitheaters
• Temples
• Triumphal arches and
columns
• Bathhouses (balneae or
therma )
INFLUENCES FROM OTHER CULTURES

• Migrated Greek artists designed
the homes of prominent Roman
citizens, thus contributing to the
domestic architecture of Rome.
• Their architecture was strongly
influenced by Greek models.
Meanwhile, the details tend to be
derivative and lacks the delicacy
than of Greek work.
• Romans adopted the three orders
of Greek in their temples but
INFLUENCES FROM OTHER CULTURES
Roman temples, unlike

Greek temples, were small
and varied in their structure.
The Romans modeled their
permanent theaters after the
Greeks, but built the stage
building one story higher and
turned the orchestra pit into
seating.
The Classical Composite Order was

developed in Rome it is the result of a
composition of Ionic and Corinthian
Orders. In the Composite column capital,
there is a combination of Ionic volutes
and Corinthian acanthus leaves.
It signifies the notion held by the
Romans of “conquering glory”, because it
can be seen on triumphal arches. This
order can be directly correlate to both
Roman victory and humiliation of the
defeated.

Some ornaments and decorations created during the time of the Roman
Empire:

Empire:

Empire:
Notable Buildings
& Structures
ARCH OF TITUS
A 1st century AD honorific arch dedicated to Titus for the Roman victory
in Judea and the fall of Jerusalem. This triumphal arch served as the
general model for many honorific arches in both ancient and modern
history.
TRAJAN’S
COLUMN
A 35-meter Roman Triumphal Column that commemorates Emperor

Trajan’s victory in Dacian Wars, constructed under the supervision of
Apollodorus of Damascus, known for its bas relief of 155 war era
scenes.
& Structures
Notable Buildings
TEMPLE OF JUPITER
CAPITOLINUS
Considered as the most important temple in Ancient Rome, built during

the Etruscan times in Area Capitolina. The temple was nearly square in
plan, with widely spaced columns and wooden architraves. The cella is
divided into three chambers with statues of Jupiter, Minerva, and Juno.
FORUM ROMANUM
The oldest Fora of the Roman Empire, the empire’s most important and
historical structures were built in its surroundings such as temples and
basilicas.
FORUM OF TRAJAN
Located in the northern part of the Roman Fora, besides from it is the
last Imperial Forum built, it is the biggest and greatest of them all, the
architect Apollodorus of Damascus oversaw its construction and
dedicated it to Emperor Trajan of Rome.
TEMPLE OF
MARS ULTOR
Founded in 2 BC by Emperor Augustus, planned to be built beside the

forum dedicated to him, the Forum of Augustus. The temple is
dedicated to Mars, the Roman God of War.
MAISON
CARRÉE
Located in Nimes, Southern France, its name is literally “square house”

in French, constructed during the reign of Emperor Hadrian, considered
as one of the best-preserved Roman Temple.
TEMPLE OF
BACCHUS
A Roman temple located in Lebanon, this UNESCO heritage site is listed

as an outstanding archeological site of Imperial Roman Architecture, its
construction is dedicated to the Roman God of agriculture, wine, and
fertility, Bacchus.
THE PANTHEON
A temple in Rome dedicated to Jupiter that is commissioned by Marcus

Agrippa, the structure is cylindrical with a portico of large Corinthian
columns, until now, the Pantheon’s dome remains as the world’s largest
unreinforced concrete dome. The opening at the top of the dome came
from an idea that worship of Jupiter should take place in a building open
to the sky. It is now a Catholic Church.
BASILICA ULPIA
Also known as Trajan’s Basilica, built beside the Forum of Trajan, the
basilica is a fine example of wooden roofed structure, joining on its
sides are Greek and Latin libraries as well as the Column of Trajan, the
BASILICA OF
MAXENTIUS AND
CONSTANTINE
Also known as the Temple of Peace, the basilica features large vaults in
its sides, dedicated to Maxentius and Constantine I, both emperors of
the empire. The vaults to the northern aisle still remain today.
THERMAE
OF
CARACALL
A
Second largest of the Roman public baths. The thermae named to

Emperor Caracalla, the structure can accommodate 1600 bathers. It fell
into disuse and decay by the start of 5th century.
THE
COLOSSEU
M
Also known as the Flavian Amphiheatre, it is an oval amphitheatre right

in the center of Rome, considered as the largest amphitheatre ever
built, can accommodate 65 000 spectators in average, used for
gladiatorial contests, re-enactments of famous battles, dramas based
on Classical Mythology and such.
PONT-DU-GARD
AQUEDUCT
Built during the first century AD in Nimes, Southern France, it is the

finest existing example of a Roman Aqueduct, also the highest among
all aqueducts the Romans have built.
thank you!

Etruscan and Roman Architecture

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Etruscan and Roman Architecture

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etruscan

• Climate of Italy varies greatly as we pass from the north to the

• The north has the climate of the temperate region of continental

• Because of the climatic condition and environmental factors

• The wall surrounding the early city of Rome, City

• No remains of Etruscan homes

• The roof was decorated along

• The Etruscans introduced rectangular urban planning. They

ETRUSCAN AUTHORITY AND GOVERNMENT

LEADERS AND RULERS

Lausus was the son Arimnestos was the

ROMAN AUTHORITY AND GOVERNMENT

century AD ruins of several important ancient government buildings at the center

ROMAN AUTHORITY AND GOVERNMENT

• The city and its

LEADERS AND RULERS

Romulus was the legendary founder

ROMAN AUTHORITY AND GOVERNMENT

• The Roman Republic was the era of classical

LEADERS AND RULERS

ROMAN AUTHORITY AND GOVERNMENT

The Roman Empire was

LEADERS AND RULERS

• Nevertheless, surviving Etruscan tombs, their

• Etruscan cities teamed with Carthage to successfully defend their

GOVERNMENT & SOCIETY

• From the early 6th century BCE houses

• Early Etruscan settlements were

Tumuli are made from a

Tomb of the Chariots, Populonia

• The Roman Empire continued to expand,

• Despite the sometimes shameful deeds of the

HOUSING – APARTMENT BLOCKS

• The majority of Roman citizens, not all of

HOUSING – APARTMENT BLOCKS

HOUSING – APARTMENT BLOCKS

• The wealthy had the benefit of slave labor whether it was

The Colosseum in Rome is an amphitheater. It was developed

In ancient Rome, gladiators

Roman theater began as a

• The Romans are renowned for

• Roman roads, specifically viae,

• Most of the Roman and Greek Gods

• Ancient Roman priests were

MARCUS VITRUVIUS POLLIO

Temple of Venus and

cella the frequently hidden inner part of a Greek or

an arched form used to provide a

• Etruscan Civilization - most influential settlers of ancient

• Roman Empire - Romans successfully conquered

• Etruscan Government - Established a state system of

CUNICULUS Diversionary water channel; used to

TUFA Heavily used by Etruscan and Romans;

VAULT, VOUSSOIR, To provide a space with a ceiling or

OPUS “Roman concrete”; used for

POZZOLANA From volcanic ashes; siliceous-like

Etruscan towns and cities were

Etruscan cuniculus water system

Remains of Etruscan Houses

Wattle and Daub

ORNAMENTS & DECORATIONS

ORNAMENTS & DECORATIONS