Biotechnology

|hat Is Biotechnology?
› Using scientific methods with organisms to
produce new products or new forms of
organisms
› Any technique that uses living organisms
or substances from those organisms to
make or modify a product, to improve
plants or animals, or to develop
microorganisms for specific uses
|hat Is Biotechnology?
› GMO- genetically modified organisms.
› GEO- genetically enhanced organisms.
› |ith both, the natural genetic material of
the organism has been altered.
› Roots in bread making, wine brewing,
cheese and yogurt fermentation, and
classical plant and animal breeding
 |hat Is Biotechnology?
› Manipulation of genes is called genetic
engineering or recombinant DNA technology
› Genetic engineering involves taking one or
more genes from a location in one organism
and either
› Transferring them to another organism
› Putting them back into the original organism in
different combinations
|hat is the career outlook in
biotechnology?
› Biotech in 1998
› 1,300 companies in the US
› 2/3 have less than 135 employees
› 140,000 jobs
› Jobs will continue to increase exponentially
› Jobs are available to high school graduates
through PhD¶s
|hat Subjects Are Involved
|ith Biotechnology?
› Multidisciplinary- involving a number of
disciplines that are coordinated for a
desired outcome
› Science
› Life sciences
› Physical sciences
› Social sciences
|hat Subjects Are Involved
|ith Biotechnology?
› Mathematics
› Applied sciences
› Computer applications
› Engineering
› Agriculture
|hat Are the Stages of
Biotechnology Development
› Ancient biotechnology- early history as
related to food and shelter; Includes
domestication
› Classical biotechnology- built on ancient
biotechnology; Fermentation promoted
food production, and medicine
› Modern biotechnology- manipulates
genetic information in organism; Genetic
engineering
|hat Are the Areas of
Biotechnology?
› Organismic biotechnology- uses intact
organisms; Does not alter genetic material
› Molecular biotechnology- alters genetic
makeup to achieve specific goals
› Transgenic organism- an organism with
artificially altered genetic material
|hat Are the Benefits of
Biotechnology?
› Medicine
› Human
› Veterinary
› Biopharming
› Environment
› Agriculture
› Food products
› Industry and manufacturing
|hat Did These Individuals
Contribute to Biotechnology?
› Anton van
Leeuwenhoek
› Discovered cells
› Bacteria
› Protists
› Red blood
|hat Did These Individuals
Contribute to Biotechnology?
› Gregor Johan Mendel
› Discovered genetics
|hat Did These Individuals
Contribute to Biotechnology?
› |alter Sutton
› Discovered
Chromosomes
|hat Did These Individuals
Contribute to Biotechnology?
› Thomas Hunt Morgan
› Discovered how
genes are transmitted
through chromosomes
|hat Did These Individuals
Contribute to Biotechnology?
› Ernst Ruska
› Invented the electron
microscope
|hat Did These Individuals
Contribute to Biotechnology?
› Sir Alexander
Fleming
› Discovered penicillin
|hat Did These Individuals
Contribute to Biotechnology?
› Rosalind Elsie
Franklin
› Research led to the
discovery of the
double helix structure
of DNA
|hat Did These Individuals
Contribute to Biotechnology?
› James |atson and
Francis Crick
› Discovered DNA
|hat Did These Individuals
Contribute to Biotechnology?
› Mary-Claire King
› Mapped human genes
for research of cancer
treatments
|hat Did These Individuals
Contribute to Biotechnology?
› Ian |ilmut
› Created the first true
clone, the Dorset ewe
Dolly
|hat Is Molecular Biology?
› Molecular biology- study of molecules in
cells
› Metabolism- processes by which organisms
use nutrients
› Anabolism- building tissues from smaller
materials
› Catabolism- breaking down materials into
smaller components
|hat Is a Cell?
› Cell- a discrete unit
of life
› Unicellular organism-
organism of one cell
› Multicellular
organism- organism
of many cells
› Prokaryote- cells that
lack specific nucleus
› Eukaryote- cells with
well-defined nucleus
|hat Is a Cell?
› Cells are building blocks:
› Tissue- collection of cells with specific
functions
› Organs- collections of tissues with specific
functions
› Organ systems- collections of organs with
specific functions
|hat Are the Structures in
Molecular Genetics?
› Molecular genetics- study of genes and
how they are expressed
› Chromosome- part of cell nucleus that
contains heredity information and promotes
protein synthesis
› Gene- basic unit of heredity on a
chromosome
› DNA- molecule in a chromosome that
codes genetic information
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
|hat Is Ribonucleic Acid
(RNA)?
› Transcription- process of RNA production
by DNA
› DNA-thread-like molecule which decodes
DNA information
 |hat Is Ribonucleic Acid
(RNA)?
› Kinds of RNA:
› mRNA- RNA molecules that carry information
that specifies amino acid sequence of a protein
molecule during translation
› rRNA- RNA molecules that form the ribosomal
subunits; Mediate the translation of mRNA into
proteins
› tRNA- molecules that decode sequence
information in and mRNA
› snRNA- very short RNA that interconnects with
to promote formation of mRNA
|hat Are Genetic Engineering
Organisms?
› Genetic engineering- artificially changing
the genetic information in the cells of
organisms
› Transgenic- an organism that has been
genetically modified
› GMO- a genetically modified organism
› GEO- a genetically enhanced organism
How Can Genetically Engineered
Plants Be Used?
› Agriculture
› Horticulture
› Forestry
› Environment
› Food Quality
How Do |e Create Transgenic
Organisms?
› Donor cell- cell that provides DNA
› Recipient cell- cell that receives DNA
› Protocol- procedure for a scientific process
› Three methods used in gene transfer
› Agrobacterium gene transfer- plasmid
› Ballistic gene transfer- gene gun
› Direct gene transfer- enzymes
 How Does Agrobacterium Gene
Transfer |ork?
1. Extract DNA from donor
2. Cut DNA into fragments
3. Sort DNA fragments
4. Recombine DNA
fragments
5. Transfer plasmids with
bonded DNA
6. Grow transformed
(recipient) cells
 |hat Are Methods of Classical
Biotechnology?
› Plant breeding- improvement of plants by
breeding selected individuals to achieve
desired goals
› Cultivar- a cultivated crop variety
 |hat Are Methods of Classical
Biotechnology?
› Plant breeding methods;
› Line breeding- breeding successive
generations of plants among themselves
› Crossbreeding- breeding plants of different
varieties or species
› Hybridization- breeding individuals from
two distinctly different varieties
› Selection
|hy Are Plants Genetically
Engineered?
› Resist pests
› Resist herbicides
› Improved product quality
› Pharmaceuticals
› Industrial products
|hat Is AI?
› Artificial insemination- the
transfer of collected semen to a
recipient female
› Semen is collected from males of
desired quality
› Semen is graded and stored
|hat Is AI?
› Female must be in estrus for
conception
› Hormone injections may be used
to synchronize estrus
› Semen is placed in the cervix near
the horns of the uterus
|hat Is a Test Tube Baby?
› In vitro fertilization- fertilization of
collected ova outside the reproductive
tract; Usually in a test tube
› Semen is collected from males of
desired quality
› Ova are removed from females
› Sperm and ova are placed in a petri dish
or test tube
|hat Is Gender Reversal?
› Gender reversal- changing the sex
of an animal
› Very young animals receive
hormone treatments
› Most common among selected fish
species
|hat Is Gender Preselection?
› Gender preselection- choosing the sex
of offspring
› Sperm sorted before conception
› Sperm sorted on basis of chromosome
differences
› X chromosomes produce female
offspring
› Y chromosomes produce male offspring
|hat Is Embryo Transfer?
› Embryo transfer- removing
fertilized ova (embryos) from
donor and implanting in a
recipient
› Surgical and nonsurgical methods
are used to remove and implant
› A quality donor female can
produce more offspring
|hat Is Multiple Ovulation?
› Multiple ovulation- promoting
increased release of ova during estrus
› Hormone injections administered prior
to estrus
› Used with embryo transfer
› AI may be used to fertilize ova
› After fertilization, embryos are
removed and placed in recipients
|hat Is Cloning?
› Clone- new organism that has been
produced asexually from a single
parent
› Genotype is identical to parent
› Cells or tissues are cultured
 How Are Hormones Used in
Animal Production?
› Hormone- natural product of glands to produce a
response in another part of the body
› Released by endocrine glands into blood
system
› Hormones are identified, functions
determined, and isolated
› Used to increase growth and production rates
› bST- promotes milk production in cows
› pST- promotes lean meat production in swine
|hat Is Bioremediation?
› Bioremediation- using biological
processes to solve environmental
problems
› Biodegradation- natural processes
of microbes in breaking down
hydrocarbon materials
› Biodegradable- capable of being
decomposed by microbes
How Can Bioremediation Be
Used?
› Oil spills
› |astewater treatment
› Heavy metal removal
› Chemical degradation
|hat Is Phytoremediation?
› Phytoremediation- process of
plants being used to solve
pollution problems
› Plants absorb and break down
pollutants
› Used with heavy metals, pesticides,
explosives, and leachate
|hat Is Composting?
› Composting- a process that promotes
biological decomposition of organic
matter
› Compost bin- a facility that contains
materials for composting
› In-vessel composting- using enclosed
containers for composting
|hat Are Bioethics?
› Ethics- knowing right from wrong,
and then doing the right idea
› Bio- living organisms
› Bioethics- knowing right from wrong
with living organisms, and then doing
the right idea
› http://www.oelwein.k12.ia.us/hs/Ag.H
ome/biotechethics.htm
Creating Bioethics Arguments
› Read this article from the school
website
http://www.oelwein.k12.ia.us/hs/Ag.H
ome/dwnld/Ethics.in.Biotech.pdf
› After you read this article prepare
ethical arguments with at least 5
Scientific and Factual claims to
support your Premise and Conclusion
Ethical Arguments
› Create an ethical argument for or
against the following topics
› Human Cloning
› Gender Reversal on Livestock
› Gender Reversal on Humans
› Genetic Engineering of Plants
› Genetic Engineering of Humans
Creating a Premise
› ³Human cloning is immoral.´
› Now you must find Scientific and
Factual Claims to support your
Premise
› After you have at least 5 Claims, you
may conclude, ³Therefore, human
cloning is immoral.´
› You do not have to be for or against
any of the topics, it¶s your choice!