The reader draw information

from a text and combine it with

old information and
expectations.
Reading, similar to listening, speaking and
writing, is a communication skill.

Reading, is a process because it has series of

acts proceeding from one step to the next.
 Perception is Comprehension Reaction is the
the step involve is the step step involve in
in reading by involve in reading wherein
which the reader reading by the reader
perceived the which the reader evaluates the
written symbols understands the text which is
on the text text. being read.
through the use
of his external
senses.
Reading is a complex process.

Reading is a two-way process.

Reading is a largely visual process.

Reading is an active process.

Reading makes use of a linguistic system
which enables readers to be more effective
users of written language.

Effective reading is partly dependent on the

reader’s prior knowledge or background
experiences.
 Kenneth Goodman = Cognitivism
Reading is a psycholinguistic guessing game.

“INPUT” Linguistic
The student reads the text through Letters
his or her eyes. Words
Psycho Phrases
“Mind” Clauses
“OUTPUT” Sentences
The student creates the meaning of Paragraphs
the text.
 Jean Piaget = Cognitivism
Assimilation is the process by which the readers incorporate
new experience into an already existing knowledge.

New
Existing Experience
Knowledge “The sun is a
“The sun brings
star.”
light to the
world.”
 Jean Piaget = Cognitivism
Accommodation is the process by which the readers changes
one’s already existing knowledge as a result of the
experiences.

Existing New Knowledge

Knowledge “The sun is the
“The earth is the center of the solar
center of the solar system.”
system.”
 Rumelhart = Cognitivism
Schema is the “building block of cognition.”

 Patricia Carrell= Cognitivism

Two Kinds of Schema

1. Formal Schema = Rhetorical patterns of writing

2. Content Schema = Culture of the reader
 Keith Stanovich = Social Constructivism
Context clues can be used to compensate for the meaning
of words which we do not know.
What is façade?
The
façade of a. Beauty of a building
the
building
is b. Structure of a building
destroyed
by the c. Face of a building
dinosaur.
d. The entire building
 Learning to
read from
letters and
sounds to
words,
sentences,
paragraphs
and
eventually to
text.
 Reading
starts by
making
predictions
about the
text.
Making
predictions
are guided
by reader’s
knowledge
prior
knowledge.
Interactive Model

Good readers
are both
decoders and
good
interpreters
of the text.
Reading Theory Direction Sample Activities

Bottom-Up Uni-directional Recognition of Letters

(from part to whole) Grammatical Structure
Identification

Top-Down Uni-directional Making Prediction

(whole to part) Making Inferences
Finding Context

Interactive Model Bi-directional Reading Story Books with

(Combine the 2 models) Phonics or Syllables
Why is reading important ?

1. Reading is fundamental to function in today's society.

2. Reading is a vital skill in finding a good job.

Why is reading important ?

3. Reading is important because it develops the mind.

4. It is how we discover new things.

Why is reading important ?
5. Reading develops the imagination.

6. Reading develops the creative side of people.

Why is reading important ?

8. Reading is fundamental in developing a good self

image.

9. Good reading skills, especially in a phonics reading

program, improve spelling.
Why is reading important ?
9. Reading helps to expand the vocabulary.

10.Only by reading can we be armed in this never-ending,

life-and-death struggle.
Why is reading important ?

11.The fact of the power of written ideas communicated through reading is a

foundational reason why some governments oppose free and honest
communication.

12. Reading is important because words - spoken and written – are the
building blocks of life.
 Developmental – scientifically prepared materials which are aimed
at developing reading skills.
Examples : Phonics Books
Reading Comprehension Books

 Remedial – specifically prepared to help learners overcome

reading difficulties.
Examples : Reading Drills Books
 Recreatory – provide for the development of appreciation and
enjoyment of reading material.
Examples : Storybooks
Novels

 Functional – provide for the development of comprehension and

utilization of skills in areas of study.
Examples : Science Books
Mathematics Books
 https://www.slideshare.net/wangsai/1-nature-of-reading?from_action=save
 https://www.slideshare.net/fernanlopez/the-reading-skills
 https://www.slideshare.net/magdaedith/reading-skills
 25228315?qid=d77ee78d-2f38-4db6-888d-51fd50691f9d&v=&b=&from_search=2
 https://www.slideshare.net/erlindalgarcia/types-of-graphic-organizers
 https://www.slideshare.net/tinelachica04/readinglesson-3-selecting-and-
organizing-information
 https://multiurok.ru/files/how-can-top-down-strategies-help-lower-level-
learn.html
 https://www.slideshare.net/ainulzaharahsuhaimi/lecture-2-reading-process-amp-
models-of-reading?from_action=save
 https://www.slideshare.net/midnightphantom26/reading-models
 https://slideplayer.com/slide/3551364/
 http://www.esltrail.com/2016/06/bottom-up-and-top-down-strategies-or.html