Introduction :-

 The electricity is main source of power for machinery. The electricity or

electrical energy is converted to rotational energy by means of an electric motor.
The machine converts this rotational energy into various forms of energy like
reciprocating , angular motion , as per requirement in process.

 Drive is an intermediate mechanism which transmit power or motion from the

prime mover to machine , from one machine to another. It is also known as
power transmission system . The drives are used instead of directly coupling the
prime movers to machine for following reasons :

1. High speed of the prime movers can be reduced and torque is increased by
drive which is requirement of machines.
2. By help of drives driven member gets variable speed when the speed of
prime mover isconstant.
3. Several machines may run by one primemover.
4. The machine should not be coupled directly to the prime mover shaft due to
consideration of safety , convenience and maintenance .
 Power transmission elements :-
 The main elements which are common to all typeof driven may be from
the following:-
 Driving and drivenshaft

 Connectors for transmission of motion and power from driving to driven

shaft: belts , chains , gears , ropes ,pulleys.

 Supporting elements : axle , bearing , brackets.

 Holding elements : coupling , pin ,key bolts,nuts.

Comparison of belt ,chain and gear drive:-
particulars Belt drive Chain drive Geardrive
 Main elements Pulleys, belt sprockets ,chain Gear
 Slip Slip mayoccurs No slip (Positive No slip (positive
drive) dive)
 Suitability For largecentre For moderate centre For shortcentre
distance distance distance
Space requires large Moderate less
 Design Simplest Simple Complicated
 Failure Failure of belts does Failure of chain may Failure of gear may
not cause thefurther not seriouslydamage cause serious break
damage of machine the machine down in the machine
 Life Less Moderate Long
Lubrication Not required Require Require proper
 Installation cost Less Moderate More
 Use For low VR For moderateVR For highVR
 e.g. Use as a first drive in Bicycle , gear boxes ,
transmission Automobile automobile
 SHAFTING
 A shaft is one of the most essential member for power transmission and
supported by bearing. Shafts are machine member which support revolving
parts of machine such as pulleys, gears and fly wheels. Shaft subjected bending
as well as torsional loads. The shafts are usually cylindrical , but may be square
or cross-shaped in section.

 They are solid in cross section but sometimes hollow shafts are also used.

 Types of shafts :
 Transmission shaft : It is used to transmit power between power source and
machine absorbing power. e.g. Line shaft , counter shafts.
 Machine shaft : It is integral part of the machine itself. e.g. Crank shaft , cam
shaft in automobile , main shaft of turbine.
 Shaft , Spindle and Axle :-
Axle : An axle is stationary machine member , similar in shape to the shaft ,
and is used for the transmission of bending moment only. Axle simply supports
some rotating body such as hoisting drum a , car wheel or rope sheave.
 Spindle: An spindle is a short shaft that provides motion either to cutting tool
or to work piece. e.g. Lather spindle, drilling spindle.
 The power transmitted by the shaft is given by :

2 N T
P  kW
60000

Where N= Speed of shaft in RPM

T= Torque transmitted by shaft in N-m.

 Belt drive Gear drive

Flat belt V - Belt Timing belt

Rack
Spur Helical Spiral Bevel Worm
and
gear gear gear gear gear
pinion
 Belt drive are one of the common methods generally Belt Drive
used whenever power or rotary motion is required to
transmit between two parallel shafts. belt drive , A
consists of two pulleys, an endless belt is passed over
both of pulleys.
 The mechanical power or rotary motion is
transmitted from the driving pulley to thedriven
pulley due to the frictional grip between the belt
and the pulleys surface. When driving pulley
rotates , belt is pull , the pull or tension on the sidee
of belt is higher than the other side . The portion of
the belt which is having less tension is called slack
side and the one which has higher tension is called
tight side .
 The portion of belt between the two pulleys that
become either slack or tight depends on the
direction of rotation of the driving pulley. Forthe
clock wise rotation of the driving-pulley the lower
side of the belt will be tight side and the upper side
will be slack side. For the anticlockwise rotation of
the driving pulley , The lower side of the belt will be
slack side and the upper side will be the tightside.
Belt Drive
 Advantages of belt drive :-
 It is positive drives
 It is very convenient for very small centre distances.
 In gear drives , the velocity ratio will remain constant throughout.
 It can beused for low , medium and high power transmission.
 High velocity can be possible , even upto 60: 1.
 High transmission efficiency.

 Disadvantages of belt drives

 It is not suitable for shaftshaving large centre distance.
 It requires lubrication.
 At very high speeds, it produces noise and vibrations.
 Manufacturing of gears is costly.
 The large number if gear wheels in gear trains increased the weight of
machine
Types of Belt drive
 Open Belt Drive : The open belt drive is used to transmit power between
two parallel shafts and rotating in the same direction . In the open belt
drive if diameter of pulleys are not same, then angle of contact of two
pulleys(θ1 &θ2 are not same. The angle of contact on smaller
pulley(θ2) is less than 180º and on larger pulley(θ1)is greater than
180º. Therefore, the slip occurs first on smaller pulley. Hence angle
of smaller pulley is considered for designing the open belt drive and
is calculated by following equation.
Types of Belt drive
 Cross Belt Drive :-The cross belt drive is used to transmit power when
the shafts are parallel but rotates in opposite directions. In this drive ,
belt cross each other , there are much wear and tear. So this type of
drive should be used for larger distance between the two shafts and for
lower speed. In this drive angle of contact is equal on both
pulleys(θ1=θ2) even when diameter of two pulleys are not same.
This angle of contact may be determined by following equation.
Types of Belt drive
 Quarter turn belt drive :- The quarter turn belt drive (also known as
right angled belt drive) is used to transmit power between two shafts at right
angle and rotating in one definite direction. In order to prevent the belt from
leaving the pulley , the larger face width pulley is used. When the reversible
motion is desired and above arrangement can not possible than a quarter turn
belt drive with a guide pulley may be used.
Types of Belt drive
 Compound Belt Drive :- It is used when there are large
speed ratio is required and large centre distance between
driving and driven shaft available. Power is transmitted from
pulley 1 to pulley 4 through intermediate pulleys 2 and 3 ,
which are fixed to one intermediate shaft.
 Types of Belts
1. Flat Belts :- It is made with rectangular cross section and having standard
width and thickness.:-This belts are available in the form of long strip which
can be joined by suitable type of joint with required length. The flat belts are
used for the drive where a large centre distance between shafts.
2. Circular Belt :- The rope belt is made with circular cross section . It is used in
factories and workshops where a grater amount of powers is to be transmitted
. It is used where distance between two pulley are more than 8 meters.
3. V- Belt :- It is made with trapezoidal cross section and having standard
dimensions. It is run in V – shaped grooves made on pulleys. The belts are
made from fabric and vulcanized rubber with a cotton or nylon cord tension
elements. V – belts are available in endless form with standard lengths and
cross section. V – Belt are used where the drive has relatively short distance
and transmit larger power. The V- belts have negligible slip.
4. Timing Belt :- Timing belts are modification of flat belts. On the flat
belt teeth moulded on the underside face. They are made from high quality
rubber reinforced with the high tensile fabric cords. Due to teeth on inner
side slip is negligible , so that it is also known as a positive belt drive. Timing
belts are used for relatively short centre distance drive and also transmit high
power. However it is costlier than flat and V – belt.
Flat belt v/s V- belt drive :-
Flat belt drive V - belt drive
It is suitable for moderate power It is suitable for high power
transmission
transmission when the distance betweenthe when the distance between the shafts is
shafts is large. small.

 There is chance of slip due to less There is less chance of slip due to more
frictional grip between pulley and belt. frictional grip between belt and pulley.
Hence it is not a positive drive.

 Require largespace.  Due to compactness , required less

space.

 High velocity ratio may not obtained.  High velocity ratio may beobtained.

For same value of co-efficient of friction , For same value of co-efficient of friction ,
angle of contact and allowable tension the angle of contact and allowable tension the
power transmission by belt is less than that power transmission by V – belt is higher
of V – belt drive. than that of flat belt.
Material used for belts :-
 Belts for power transmission are mostlymade
from following materials.
 Leather
 Rubber
 Canvas and Balata.

 Leather belts are made from hide (animal

skin).Leather belts may be used in both dry
and wet conditions.

 Rubber belts are used when the belts are

exposed to dampconditions.

 Canvas belts are used whenatmospheric

conditions affect a leather or rubber belt.

 Balata bets are made from cotton andbalata

gum. These belts are acid and water proof
and it is nit affected by animal oils or
alkalies.
Chain drive :-
 In belt and rope drive , the velocity ratio does not remain constant , but varies
due to slip. A chain drives are positive drives there is no slip, hence the velocity
ratio will remain constant . A chain drives are suitable for small centre
distances and it can be used upto 3 metre.
 Chain drives are used for power transmission in bicycles ,motorcycles , rolling
mills , agricultural machineries, machine tools , conveyors , coal cutter , etc. A
chain drive consists of a chain and two sprockets. The sprockets are teethed
wheels over which an endless chain is fitted.
 Types of chains :- (1) Roller chain and (2) Silent chain. Roller chain is
commonly used in bicycles, motor cycles , machine tools , etc. Silent chain is
inverted tooth chain which is used for smooth and noiseless operation at low
speeds.
Chain Drives :-
Advantages :-
It is non – slip drive(positive)
Efficiency is very high (upto99%)
It can be used for shafts which are at small and medium centre distances.
It can transmit higher power than belt drives.
It occupy less space and more compact than belt drives.
Disadvantages :-
The operation is noisy.
Initial cost is high. It requires morelubrication.

APPLICATIONS
Transmitting power in bicycles, motor vehicles agriculture machinery
Conveyers and road rollers
Pulley
 Pulleys are used to transmit power from one shaft to another
with the help of belt or rope running over them.
 Pulleys are made from cast iron,cast steel, wrought iron or
aluminium.

The main parts of pulley

 Rim
 Hub or boss
 Arms or rib
The main parts of pulley
1.Rim
 It is the periphery of the pulley on which the belt runs.
 The outer face of the rim is made slightly convex which is
called crowning.
 This keep belts at centre when pulley is misaligned.

2.Hub or boss
 It is the central hollow cylindrical portion of pulley as
shown in figure.
 The size of bore on hub is corresponds to the diameter of
the shaft.
 It is mounted on shaft.
 A keyway is provided to fasten the pulley to the shaft
with the help of a key.

3.Arms or rib
 It is joining member of the hub and the rib of pulley.
 It may be straight or curved.
 It’s cross section may be circular or elliptical.
 Pulleys with smaller diameter are provided with a rib
which is like a circular disc joining hub and rim.
Types of pulley
1. Solid pulley
2. Split pulley
3. Stepped or cone pulley
4. Fast and loose pulley
5. Jockey pulley
6. Guide pulley
7. Grooved pulley
1.Solid pulley
 It is made from single piece of cast iron .
 Solid pulley relatively smaller in size.
 This pulley can be mounted on shaft by inserting from
one end.
2.Split pulley
 It is split in two halves ,and it can be joined at the rim
and the hub by means of bolts or links.
 This pulley can be mounted on the shaft at any place
without changing the assembly of bearing and shaft.
3.Stepped or cone pulley
 Stepped pulley is used when the speed of the
driven shaft is to be changed very frequently as in
case of machine tools such as lathe , drilling machine
etc. a stepped pulley isan integral casting
having three or more number of pulleys of different
diameter as show in figure.
 Each stepped pulley is mounted on driving and driven
shaft can be varied by shifting the diameters of driving
and driven pulleys are such that same belt will operate
when shifted on different pairs of pulley.
Stepped or cone pulley
4.Fast and loose pulley
 When a number of machines run from a main driving shaft , it may
require to start or stop some of the machines intermittently
without start or stop the main driving shaft every time.
 This is possible by mounting pair of pulleys is securely keyed to the
machine shaft so that it can rotate along with shaft while the loose
pulley fitted with brass bush so that it can freely rotate on the shaft as
shown in figure .
 The wider driving pulley keyed to the main driving shaft , hence it
rotates along with it.
 When the belt on the fast pulley , the power is transmitted from driving
shaft to the
machine shaft.
 When belt shifted from fast pulley to loose pulley , the loose pulley
rotates through belt, but machine shaft not rotates along with it
because loose pulley can freely rotates on shaft .
 The movement of belt from fast to loose pulley or loose to fast pulley
take place by axial movement of belt shifter.
Fast and loose pulley
5.Jockey pulley
 Jokey pulley is idler pulley and is used to increase the
angle of contact in open belt drive.
 It is mounted near the smaller pulley of the two pulleys and is
placed on the slack side of the belt as shown in figure.
 It increases angle of contact lead to increased power
transmission capacity of drive.
6.Guide pulley
 The guide pulleys are used to guide the belts when
connecting non-parallel, intersecting or non- intersecting
shafts.
 The guide pulleys guide the belt to keep the belt in a
proper plane as shown in figure.
7.Grooved pulley
 Grooved pulley have V-grooves or circular grooves on the rim to carry
V-Belt or ropes. Angle og groove 34 to 60 degree
 It is generally made from cast iron.
 The grooves on the rim is help to increase the frictional
grip of the belt or rope on the pulley.
 Therefore the chance of slip is reduced.
 Figure shows grooved pulley for V-belt
and figure shows grooved pulley for rope drive.
Gear drives
 Gear drive is a very important drive in mechanical power
transmission . Gear drive is positive drive. Gear drives are
preferred when larger or moderate power is to transmitted at
constant velocity ratio.
 A gear is toothed wheel with the teeth cut on the periphery of a
cylinder or a cone. Gear are mounted on a shafts with keys.
There are two gears mounted , one on each of driving and
driven shaft . Therefore the teeth of one gear is mesh with the
teeth of the other gear.
 The rotation of one gear will cause rotation of other in opposite
direction It is used to transmitpower between shafts that are
parallel , intersecting or neither parallel nor intersecting.
Terms used in gears:-
.Face : It is the surface of the gear tooth above the pitch surface.
•Flank : It is the surface of the gear tooth below the pitch surface.
•Top land: It is the surface of the top of the tooth.
•Bottom land: It is the surface of the bottom of the tooth space.
•Face width: It is the width of the gear tooth measured parallel to its axis.
•Profile: It is the curve formed by the face and flank of the tooth.
•Pitch circle: It is an imaginary circle which by pure rolling action would give
the same motion as the actual gear.
•Pitch circle diameter: It is the diameter of the pitch circle. The size of the
gear is usually specified by the pitch circle diameter. It is also known as pitch
diameter.
•Pitch point: It is a common point of contact between two pitch circles of
gears in mesh.
 Terms used in gears:-
• Pressure angle or angle of obliquity :- It is an angle between the common
normal to the point of contact of two mating gear teeth and the common
tangent at common point between two pitch circles.
• Circular pitch :- It is the distance measured on the circumference of the
pitch circle from a point of one tooth to the corresponding point on the next
tooth.
• Module (m) :- It is ratio of the pitch circle diameter in millimeters to number
of teeth.
 Addendum. It is the radial distance of a tooth from the pitch circle to the top
of the tooth.
 Dedendum. It is the radial distance of a tooth from the pitch circle to the
bottom of the tooth.
 Addendum circle. It is the circle drawn through the top of the teeth and is
concentric with the pitch circle.
 Dedendum circle. It is the circle drawn through the bottom of the teeth. It is
also called root circle.
NOMENCLATURE OF GEARS
GEAR TERMINOLOGY
Gear Terminology
 Types of gears :-
 There are many different types of gear are used in various engineering
applications. Some of them most commonly used are as shown below :
 Spur gears :- If teeth of the gear wheels are parallel to the axis of wheel . The
gears are called spur gears. Teeth of the spur gears are cut on the circumference
of the cylindrical discs. Spur gears can transmit higher power because of the
contact between the mating gears is along a line.
 Use :- Spur gears are used for transmitting power between two shafts when the
axis of the driving and driven shafts are parallel and co – planer. They
commonly used in machine tools and automobile gear boxes.
 Applications : used in electric screw drivers, wind up alarm clock , washing m/c
and clothes driers.
 Types of gears :-
Helical gears :- Helical gears are similar to the spur gears. But the teeth
are cut in the form of the helix around the gear . Their teeth are not parallel to
the shaft axis. Two moving helical gears have identical helix angle but opposite
hand . The helical gears run more smoothly and more quietly at high speeds
and curvilinear contact of gear teeth giving gradual engagement.
 The main disadvantage of helical gears is that it produces end thrusts on the
driving and driven shafts. But when double helical gears or Herringbone gears
are used to connect parallel shafts, produces equal and opposite thrust on each
wheel and gets balanced and do not transmit axial thrusts to the shafts,
 Uses :- Helical gears are used for transmitting power between two parallel , non
parallel , non –intersecting shafts. Helical gears are used where smooth and
quit running at high speeds is required. Generally , helical gears are used in
automobile power transmission.
 Types of gears
 Spiral gear :- The teeth of spiral gears are same as helical gears and it cut along
helical path. In spiral gear , there is a point contact while curvilinear contact in
case 0f helical gear drive. Because of the point contact in the spiral gears are
more suitable for transmitting less power.
 Use:- Spiral gears are used to transmit power between two non – parallel , non-
intersecting shafts.
 Types of gears
 Bevel gears :- Teeth of the bevel gears are cut on conical surfaces . Bevel gear
teeth are varying in cross section along the tooth width. The axis of two moving
gears are inclined in the bevel gear. In most of cases , two bevel gears have their
axes at right angle and are of equal sizes, called mitergears.
 Use :- Bevel gears are used for transmitting power between two shafts , when
the axis of the two shafts are inclined and intersect each other. Bevel gearsare
widely used in automobiles.
Types

of gears
Worm and worm wheel :-A worm gear drive consists of worm and worm wheel.
A worm has one or more number of helical threads of trapezoidal shape cot on
it. A worm wheel is a wheel with the tooth profile consists of small segments of
helix which engages with the worm.
 Uses :-Worm gears are used for transmitting power between two shafts having
their axis at right angles and non –co-planer. Worm gears are suitable for
transmission of power when a high velocity ratio is required. They are mostly
used in machine tools like lathe . Milling , drilling machine etc. To get large
speed reduction.
Types of gears
 Rack and pinion :- Rack is a rectangular bar consist of a series of straight
teeth cut on it. Theoretically , rack is a spur gear of infinite diameter .
The rack is mesh with another small gear known as pinion.
 Use:- The rack and pinion drive is used to convert rotary motion into
linear motion . Rack and pinion arrangement , generally used in
machine tools. Such as lathe , drilling , planning machines. It also used
in measuring instruments
 GEAR TRAINS
• Two or more gears are made to mesh with each
other to transmit power from one shaft to another.
Such a combination is called gear train or train of
toothed wheels.
• The nature of the train used depends upon the
velocity ratio required and the relative position of
the axes ofshafts.
• A gear train may consist of spur, bevel or spiral
gears.
 TYPES OF GEAR TRAINS
Followingare the different types of gear trains,depending upon the arrangement of
wheels
1. Simple gear train
2. Compound gear train
3. Reverted gear train
4. Epicyclic gear train SIMPLE GEAR TRAIN

• In the first three types of gear trains, the axes of the shafts over which the
gears are mounted are fixed relative to each other.
• But in case of epicyclic gear trains,the axes of the shafts on which the gears
are mounted may move relative to a fixed axis.

COMPOUND GEAR TRAIN REVERTED

EPICYCLIC
 Simple Gear Train
 When there is only one gear on each shaft, as shown in Fig., it is
known as simple geartrain.
 The gears are represented by their pitch circles.
 When the distance between the two shafts is small,the two gears 1 and 2
are made to mesh with each other to transmit motion from one shaft to
the other,as shown in Fig.(a).
 Since the gear 1 drives the gear 2, therefore gear 1 is called the driver and the
gear 2 is calledthe driven or follower.
 Itmay be noted that the motion of the driven gear is opposite to the motion
of drivinggear.
 Compound Gear Train
• When there are more than one gear on a shaft, as shown in Fig.
,it is called a compound train ofgear.
• We have seen that the idle gears, in a simple train of gears do
not effect the speed ratio of the system.
• But these gears are useful in bridging over the space
between the driver and thedriven.
Compound Gear Train
• But whenever the distance between the driver and the driven or
follower has to be bridged over by intermediate gears and at the
same time a great ( or much less ) speed ratio is required, then the
advantage of intermediate gears is increased by providing
compound gears on intermediateshafts.
• In this case, each intermediate shaft has two gears rigidly fixed to
it so that they may have the same speed.
• One of these two gears meshes with the driver and the other
with the driven or follower attached to the next shaft as shown
in Fig.

50
Reverted Gear Train and Epicyclic Gear Train

 Reverted Gear Train

 When the axes of the first gear (i.e. first driver) and
the last gear (i.e. last driven or follower) are co-
axial, then the gear trainis known as reverted gear
train
 Epicyclic Gear Train
 In an epicyclic gear train, the axes of the shafts, over
which the gears are mounted, may move relative to
a fixed axis.
 Clutches
 Clutch is a one of the form of coupling.

 Is an intermediate mechanism which is placed in b/w the

flywheel and the gearbox. It enables the rotary motion of the shafts
by friction mechanism to solve the following purposes

Purpose of clutch

 Clutches is used to transmit the power from driving shaft to

driven shaft of machine which may be required to start or stop
frequently.
 It is so designed that the two members may be engaged or
disengaged whenever required either by a hand operated device or
automatically by the action of some power driven devices
 Purpose of clutch

 Clutch remains in the engaged position and Allows

flow of power from engine to the gearbox.
 – Make possible to change the gears in the gearbox by
engaging and disengaging the gearbox from the
flywheel (Crank shaft).
 – Disengagement of the clutch is required when the
gear position is to be changed or when the vehicle
needs to be kept in neutral position.
 Types of clutches
JAW
CLUTCH
POSITIVE
CONTACT
CLUTCHES toothed clutch

mechanical
disc clutch

pneumatic friction
cone clutch
CLUTCHES clutches

hydraulic centrifugal
clutch

electromagnetic
Jaw clutch(positive contact clutch)
A positive drive is a drive which has no slip. So a positive
clutch is simply a clutch which does not slip
It is consists of segmental projections on one of the flange
and corresponding recesses on other flange on the driven
shaft.
Driving flange rigidly keyed to the driving shaft while
the other flange is keyed to driven shaft by splines so
that it can slide on that shaft.
The sliding flange engage with the fixed flange to
transmit the motion and power from driving shaft.
This clutch is used for the transmission of power in
agricultural equipment like tractor, thresher, automobiles etc.
Jaw clutch
 BRAKES

A brake is a mechanical device which produces

frictional resistance against moving machine member, in
order to slow down the motion of machine.
In the process of performing this function, the brake
absorbs kinetic energy of moving member and the brake
absorbs potential energy of lowering member.
The energy absorbed by brakes is released to
surrounding in form of heat.
Brake Application
A brake is mechanical device which produce frictional
resistance against moving machine member ,in order to
slow down of machine.
In the process of performing this function, the brake
absorbs kinetic energy of moving member and brake
absorbs potential energy of lowering number.
The energy absorbed by brake is released to
surrounding in form of heat.
Types of brakes
Block brake

Mechanical Band brake

Internal or external
Brakes Electrical expanding shoe
brake

Hydraulic
 Block brake
(1) Single block or shoebrake:
A single block is consists of a block which is pressed against
the rim of revolving brake wheel drum. This brake is used in
railway trains and tram cars. The friction between
the block and the wheel causes a
tangential braking force to act on the wheel, which
retard the rotation of the wheel.
Double block or shoe brake:
It consist of two brake blocks at the opposite ends of
the wheel.
These shoes apply force to both the sides of wheel and
reduces the Unbalanced force on the shaft.
This spring pull the upper end of the brake arms
together and Brake is applied.
When a force is applied to the bell crank level , the
spring is Compressed and the brake is released.
 This brake is used in electric cranes.
The bicycle brake is example of double block brake.
Double block or shoe brake