The PROCESSOR

CPU ARCHITECTURES

All computers run using very low-level commands which do

the same basic functions, such as reading data, jumping to
addresses, and calculating basic arithmetic.

• (The complete list of commands that can be run by a CPU computer

instruction set)

EXAMPLE OF SOCKETS

ZIF Socket

• Most processors today use special sockets that are designed to you put the
chip in a while
Ball on Pin

CPU Sockets come in two major types

BALL GRID ARRAY and PIN GRID ARRAY

PGA Sockets look like a checkerboard with lots of squares.

BGA and LGA which one usually used in notebook

computers and testing

BGA Sockets frequently require the CPU to be soldered in

place
COMPARING DIFFERENT TYPES OF CPUs
(AMD/INTEL)

COMPARING DIFFERENT TYPES OF CPUs (AMD

INTEL)

• AMD and INTEL

•Also create CPU or central processing unit chips for the personal computer. While both are
in the same industry but are always vying against each other for market share and
technological changes. You can compare AMD and Intel processors on Diffen
•AMD or Advanced Micro Devices
•Is a company that has been producing semiconductors, microchips, CPUs, motherboards,
and other types of computer equipment for the last 40 years. That makes them the
second largest company in this sector currently after Intel.
•Intel or Intel Corporation
•Was founded a year earlier in 1968. Both companies were incorporated in Valley in the
USA, and are leaders in research and development in the field.
• Both AMD and Intel produce motherboards which are circuitry at the base of
all personal computers.
•They also both create CPU chips for personal computer.
How to identify CPUs Physically

•Remove the thermal paste from the top of the CPU

heat sink , and there should be a model number,
Google it and should give you an answer if the
model is still written and legible on top.
Physical Installation of CPU
Turn off and unplug your •Before you move or open up your computer, make sure
that it is both turned off and unplugged from any power
computer. sources

Place your computer on its •Doing so will give you access to the PC’s side panel.
side.

•Some cases will require you to unscrew the side panel,

Remove the side panel. while other cases only needed you to unclamp or slide off
the side panel.

•This will prevent accidental static electricity discharge.

Ground yourself.

•The motherboard resembles a circuit board with various

Locate the motherboard. wires attached to it. In most cases, you’ll find the
motherboard resting on the bottom of the tower.

•The heat sink is mounted on top of the motherboard, and

Remove the current heat sink. is usually has a large fan on top of it.
 Check your current •You’ll have to install your new processor using the same fit
as the current one.
processor’s fit.

Remove the current •Carefully lift the processor, which resembles a square chip,
out of it’s space on the motherboard.
processor.

Install your new processor if •If you’re installing a new motherboard, remove the current one
from the housing, then install the new one according to it’s
necessary. installation instructions (if necessary).

•Your processor should only fit into the slot one way, so don’t
Plug in your new processor. force it; just gently place the processor in it’s slot and check to
make sure that it’s level

•Place a dot of thermal paste on top of the processor, then

Reinstall the heat sink. paste on top of the processor, then reattach the heat sink to its
mount on the motherboard.

Plug back in any unplugged •Depending on your computer’s orientation, you may have
unplugged a cable or two during the installation process.
components.

Reassemble and run your •Once your computer’s put back together and plugged back in,
you can boot up your computer and click through any setup
computer. which appear.
 Installing CPU fan
Before opening your
Connect the left
computer, make sure Connect the right
connector bracket to the
that it is unplugged and side
left side
in a non-static surface

Turn off the computer Take the replacement

Take the lever and
and move it to the non- heat sink and line it up
push it forward until
static surface correctly with the lever
it clicks into place
facing the PCI ports

Remove the panel

Apply the thermal
and take a look at Plug in the wire
paste onto the CPU
the mother board

Check that all the

Now proceed to remove components are in
your previous CPU heat correctly so that there is no
sink complications in the install
process
 CPU Benchmarking
Windows

Open the System window

Find the “Processor” entry

Note the processor speed

Check how many cores your

processor has
Mac

Click the Apple menu and select

“About This Mac”.

Find the “Processor” entry in the

“Overview” tab

Download the Intel Power Gadget

Download and install Prime95

Find your processor speed

 Linux

CPU Benchmarking
Open the terminal
Return to the first
terminal window and type Look in the GHz column
turbo stat

Open another terminal

Type “uname- r and press
window and type openssl
“Enter”
speed

Type apt-get install

•Linux-tools-x.xx.xx-xx and
Type modprobe msr and
press Enter. Replace x.xx.xx-
press Enter
xx with the version number
from the previous step
 CPU Overclocking
Getting Ready

Check your
Understand the basics Download the Run a baseline stress
motherboard and
of overclocking necessary tools test
processor

Increasing the Base Clock

Open the Increase base

Reduce the Increase your clock until the
Open the “Frequency/V Run a stress
memory bus base clock by system
BIOS oltage test
speed 10% becomes
Control” unstable
 Raising the Multiplier

Repeat until limit

Lower the base Raise the Keep an eye on
Run a stress test is reaches and the
clock multiplier your temperature
computer crashes

Raising Voltage

Repeat the cycle until a

Return to either the
Raise the CPU core maximum voltage or
Run a stress test base clock or the
voltage maximum temperature
multiplier section
is reached
Final Stress Testing

Back it down Increase your Run a

Do some real- Take it
to the safe memory prolonged
life testing further
settings speeds stress test
 HOW TO UPGRADE YOUR CPU?
Understand how processors and motherboards work
Your computer’s motherboard
is essentially one large circuit
board which provides the base
into which you’ll plug your
computer’s other components,
including the processor.
Know our computer’s limitations.
Find your computer’s
While you can upgrade virtually motherboard model.
all Windows desktop
processors and motherboards, While you can use Command
upgrading a laptop’s processor Prompt to find your
is often impossible; even if your motherboard’s basic
laptop model supports information, using a free service
changing processor. called Speccy will allow you to
see vital information about your
motherboard.
Determine the type of processor socket used by your motherboard.
Find processors which match your motherboard.
If you’re using Speccy
to find your
motherboard’s You’ll have to find a Find a new motherboard to match your processor
information, you’ll processor based on if necessary
click the CPU tab and your current
look at the “Package” motherboard’s socket While you can easily Buy your processor
type your processor’s
heading to determine size and chipset.
specifications and the Now that you know
the socket.
phrase “supported which processors will
motherboard’s” into a work with your
search engine and computer’s
review the results , motherboard, you can
using a CPU support select the one best-
site to do the work for suited to your price
you is easier. range, computation
needs, and region.
 CPU MAINTENANCE
SOFTWARE

Clean out all the junk left behind by browsers

Search for and destroy spyware and/or viruses on your PC

Defrag your hard drive to keep your computer running smoothly

Uninstall programs you no longer use, and delete music you no longer listen to

Control what programs are allowed to run at start up

Use your computer’s disk management

HARDWARE

Always run your computer on a UPS as this will help protect it from
electric surges

Clean your computer

Be careful when plugging in USB, Ethernet, speakers, printer etc.

HOW TO CLEAN YOUR CPU IN TEN SIMPLE
STEPS
Shut down the CPU
Replace the
and remove the Clean the computer
computer case
card from the inside as well
cover
electrical outlet

Put on an antistatic Clean cables and

Remove the power wrist strap and power cords while
cord and cables attach it to an they are
electrical ground disconnected

Place your For a dusty or harsh

Open the CD-ROM computer environment using
computer tower on
drive tray and shop shield TM computer
a stable platform dust covers are
carefully blow air in.
above the floor recommended

Clean the outside of

Open the computer
the computer by
case, using a
lightly dampening a
screwdriver.
cloth
 The
MOTHERBOARD
TYPES OF MOTHERBOARD

1. AT(Advanced technology)

•Oldest and biggest form factor and popular until Baby AT .

•Capable of using 086 processor

2. BABY AT:

•Standard in computer industries and still being used in Pentium class

product .
•CPU socket is placed in such a way that it can interfere with long bus
cords.
•Limitations over periphel card installation.

3. ATX ( Advanced Technology Extended.)

•Improvement done in easy to use support for current and future 1/0,
and also to current and future technology.
4.Mini ATX:

•Commonly same as ATX just change in size form ATX =12”x9.6” to

mini ATX= 11.2”x8.2”

5.MICRO ATX:

•Supporters current and new processor technologies.

•AGP( accelerated graphics part )to have high performance graphics .
•Smaller in size and less power supply.

6. FLEX ATEX

•A subset of micro ATX

•Gives chance to system developers to create new personal computer
design.
•Enchanted flexibility to allow costume care and board design to be
manufactured
•Small mother board size and supports current processor technology.
7.LPX (Low Profile Extension) and Mini LPX

•Based on designed by western digital

•Usually found in desktop pc’s

8. NLX (New low Profile Extended)

•Supports current and future processor technologies

•Also supporters new AGP and tall memory technology.
•Installing and upgrading the system is easy
Types of motherboard
•The most common motherboard form factors is ATX the different
types of ATX are known as micro ATX sometimes shown as U-ATX,
mini ATX, flex TX,EATX, mono ATX pico-ATX and mobile ATX. A
smaller form factors is ITX which comes in mini- ITX nana ITX pico
ITX sizes.

Motherboard layout, form factors

• Motherboard form factor determines general layout size and
features placement or the motherboard form factors such as
physical size shape component placement power supply
•Connectors etc. various form factors of motherboard are AT,ATX,
mini-ATX micro ATX flex ATX LPX and mini LPX and NCX.

Motherboard identification

•Visually identifying finally every computer motherboard has a silk

screened name of the model and the manufacturer printed on the
mother board if you cannot located on FCC identification numbers.
It is recommended that you perform a search using that instead .
Motherboard components
Mouse & keyboard

USB (Universal Serial Bus)

Parallel port

CPU Chip

RAM slots

Floppy controller
IDE controller (Integrated Drive
Electronics)
PCI slot

ISA slot

CMOS Battery

AGP slot

CPU slot

Power supply plug in

ROM BIOS

ROM (Read Only Memory)

• Is a type of memory that stores data even when the main

computer power is off.
• When stored in ROM, information that is required to start
and run the computer cannot be lost or changed.

BIOS

• Is stored in ROM chip because ROM retains information

even when no power is being supplied to the computer.
• The downside of storing data in an older computer’s ROM
is that we have to change a chip to update information.
Motherboard BUSSES

Bus Architecture

Control Bus

Data Bus

Address Bus
Configuring motherboard Jumper settings

• If you need to configure your motherboard jumper

settings correctly, you should first consult your
motherboard manual, where details of the various
jumpers will be found.
• Due to the considerable differences in the design of
motherboards, it is impossible to provide information
on what pins are present on a specific motherboard and
what behavior the addition of a jumper would prompt.
Upgrading motherboards

Use Minitool ShadowMaker for Universal Restore

• Back up the windows OS before Upgrade

• Create a Bootable Disc or Drive for Universal Restore after Hardware Upgrade
• Upgrade your Motherboard
• Important: Restore system to Dissimilar Motherboard

Change Registry

Activate your windows for motherboard update

Signs of trouble with the motherboard

Blue Screen

Random Restarts

Burning Smell

Bloated Capacitors
COMMON PROBLEMS OF MOTHERBOARD

Computer
Crashes or CD- • This type of problem usually appears in
ROM reading inferior quality motherboards.
slows down
Motherboard
Integrated
• If a relevant hardware is hot plugged in
Drive
then before doing so you need to disable
Electronics
the Line Print Terminal port and Com Port,
port and Line
all these are built-in the motherboard and
print terminal
after doing so use a multifunctional card
port doesn’t
instead
work
properly
 Computer •According to the experts , the
crashes source of this ordeal usually hides in
when the motherboard cache or the CPU.
setting the Poor heat dissipation is also another
CMOS reason behind a computer’s crash.

Mouse is
•Incorrect CMOS setting is the
unavailable
reason behind such problem. The
when
experts says, in the power
installing
management of the CMOS an item
or booting
presents, which is called modern
up your
interrupt request and is commonly
Windows
default as 3.
system
Motherboard Maintenance

Sweep off dust that builds on the motherboard

Look for swelling, busted or leaking capacitors

Detach the removable cards (sound card, video

card, LAN card, etc.) and clean of the copper
connectors with an eraser

Check if your CMOS battery is still working

Check if the fans, especially the fan of your

video card, is still working to prevent heat from
building up
MOTHERBOARD CLEANING PROCEDURE

Turn off and unplug

your computer

Use compressed air to

remove dust
•Purchase a can of compressed air
(can be found online or at most
department stores). Alternatively,
you can use an air compressor. But
make sure to have your PSI to
ensure you do not damage your
motherboard.
A soft-tipped paint brush
will work as well for dust
that has caked up in areas
such as the fans, power
supply, intake vent and
between RAM modules.
Open your computer’s case.
• The case may be held together with
screws or some other mechanical latching
system.
• If you cannot figure out how to open your Plug in the
case, consult your manual for your PC or computer, and turn
Google your computer’s model number it on.
for details.

Blow all parts of the

motherboard, Close the
including the fan and computer’s case.
the heat sink.
ANTI-STATIC WRIST STRAP OR
ANTI-STATIC MAT

Soft lint free cloth

Canned lint copresse air

Mild detergent solution or spray

Q- tips preferably foam

Computer vacuum (optional)

Cd Drive cleaner disk

TROUBLE SHOOTING A COMPUTER
MOTHERBOARD

The usual symptom of a failed motherboard is a completely dead system

The most likely cause of a dead system is a blown fuse or breaker at wall
receptacle

Bios (basic input/output system)

•Is the program a personal computer’s microprocessor uses to get the computer system
•Operating system
•Hard disc
•Video adapter
•Keyboard
•Mouse
•printer
Thank You!!!