Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 64

Guess the WORD that is related to this

-beginning of new life


-chick making out of the crack shell
-germinating seed pushing through the
soil
-an ability that distinguishes living from
non
Why do organisms need to
reproduce?

-to continue their own kind


-to avoid extinction
-to maintain the balance of nature

Parent-an organism that produces a


young/child
Offspring-a young/child of an
organism
Methods of
Reproduction
Sexual and Asexual
Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction:
requires only 1 parent and the offspring are an
exact copy of the parent---a clone

Cell nucleus has chromo-


somes that contain genes.
Genes carry the traits that
are passed from parents
to offspring.
 Organisms that reproduce asexually cannot
develop much variety, because they are
“copying” the original organism exactly or
they are genetically identical
 Asexual  1. One parent
Reproduction  2. No sex cells
 3. Offspring produced
by cell division
 4. Offspring identical to
parent (same genes/DNA)
 5. Several types in plants
and animals
Binary fission
Budding
Spore formation
Fragmentation/Regeneration
 Binary fission
◦ happens in bacteria, amoeba, some algae
◦ one parent cell divides to form 2 identical daughter
cells

 Budding
◦ happens in yeast, hydra, sponges
◦ parent produces an outgrowth or bud
◦ bud separates from the parent and develops into
new individual which is identical to parent
 Spore formation
◦ happens in mold, green algae and some non
flowering plant ex. fern
◦ The black structure you can see on mold is called
spore case that contain spores
◦ Spores are carried by water/wind, once landed on a
favorable environmental conditions it will develop

 Regeneration/Fragmentation
◦ happens in starfish, flatworm
◦ A cut body part can grow into a new individual
 Binary  1. Organism divides in
Fission half
 2. 2 identical daughter
cells produced
 3. Daughter cells are
half the parent’s size
 4. Daughter cells grow,
then divide too
 5. In bacteria
Rod-Shaped Bacterium,
hemorrhagic E. coli

2 daughter cells are identical to parent


Single-celled organisms
(Amoeba, paramecium,
euglena) which use
asexual reproduction can
do so simply by dividing
into two equal halves.
This is called binary
fission.
 When conditions are good, such as plenty of
water, food, right temperatures, etc., binary
fission is a very effective way of producing
many, many offspring.
 For example, the cell of a Paramecium can
divide, grow, and divide again in the space of
8 hours.
 Budding  1. Small bud grows out
of parent cell
 2. Two different sized
cells made (with identical
DNA)
 3. Bud breaks off and
grows
 4. In yeast and hydra
In yeasts the cell does
not divide equally in two
halves; instead, there is
a large mother cell and a
smaller daughter cell.
Hydra Budding
offspring

Cactus Budding
Fern

Fungi
 Regeneration  1. Repair/ grow lost
body parts
 2. Left over cells divide
to make more cells
 3. Lobsters, starfish,
lizards
In this form, the body of the parent breaks
into distinct pieces, each of which can produce
an offspring.

Pieces of coral broken off in storms A new starfish can grow from
can grow into new colonies. one detached arm.
Some plants can grow from cutting them up
and replanting them.
 Vegetative Reproduction

◦ does not involve seeds


◦ some offspring can grow from cuttings (e.g.
coleus), runners (e.g. strawberries), tubers (e.g.
potatoes) or bulbs (e.g. tulips)… which are part of
the parent plant
 Two types : Natural Vegetative Propagation and Artificial
Vegetative Propagation

 Natural Vegetative Propagation:


◦ They are also flowering plants
◦ But they can reproduce through underground storage
organs e.g. rhizomes, bulbs, corms, tubers, roots
◦ Or shoots e.g. runners, offsets, suckers

 Essentially, same principle :


◦ These organs have a store of food. Shoots grow from
these organs bearing leaves and flowers. In the process,
food is withdrawn from the underground storage organ
which shrivels. As the leaves manufacture food, food is
transported to the buds which gradually swell to become
new underground stems.
Green plants are quite sophisticated in
their methods of asexual reproduction.
Offspring may be produced by runners,
bulbs, rhizomes or tubers.
 Rhizomes (e.g. sugarcane, ginger)
◦ Stem that grows horizontally above or below
surface of soil
 Corms (e.g. water
chestnut, cocoyam,)
◦ Thick, short underground
stem swollen with food
reserves.
◦ Protected by dry scale
leaves
◦ New corms grow on top of
old corms
 Bulbs (e.g. onion)
◦ Flattened, disc-like
stem with closely set
nodes bearing fleshy
scale leaves surrounded
by some dry scale
leaves.
◦ Buds are in the axils of
the fleshy scale leaves.
 Tubers (e.g. potato)
◦ Swollen underground stem bearing a number of
scale leaves.
 Tubers (e.g. potato)
 Runners (e.g. strawberry plant)
 Runners (e.g. strawberry plant)
 Offsets (e.g. water hyacinth and water
lettuce)
◦ Like runners but shorter and thicker
 Suckers (e.g.
pineapple,
banana,
chrysanthemum)
◦ A shoot arising
either from the
underground
portion of the
stem or from an
adventitious bud
on the root.
Kalanchoe Katakataka
 Cutting = use a portion of a
developed plant to make a
new plant. Roses, ivy, and
grapevines are reproduced
in this way.
 Layering = a stem
is bent so that it is
covered with soil.
Once the branch
forms roots it is
disconnected from
the original plant.
Raspberries and
roses.
 Grafting = Bud
or stem of one
plant is
permanently
attached to the
stem or trunk of
a very similar
plant. The
cambium layers
grow together
and form a single
plant. Apple
trees.
 Advantages to artificial vegetative
propagation:

1. Plants that grow from seed are not


always exactly the same as their parents.
2. Takes less time to artificially propagate.
3. Can create seedless fruits.
4. Grafting can be used to generate higher
levels of fruit and nut production.
 Requiring 2 parents
◦ male and female (sperm & egg)
 The egg and sperm join (zygote) to form an
entirely new organism
 Offspring are different from the parent
organism because they only obtain part of the
characteristics of each parent
Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction

Adult parent Adult parent Adult parent

Detached portion of Male gamete Female gamete


Parent

fertilization
New Adult

zygote

New Adult
 Asexual reproduction results in offspring that
are genetically identical to the parent
organism.
 Sexual reproduction results in offspring that
are genetically different from the parent
organisms.
Pollination
External Fertilization
Internal Fertilization
 Sexual  1. 2 parents
Reproduction  2. Sex cells: sperm and
egg
 3. Sperm and egg join=
fertilization
 4. Offspring look
different from parent
(mixed DNA)
 Sexual  5. Examples
Reproduction ◦ Humans, some plants,
mammals, fish, reptiles,
etc.
Female Parts

Male Parts

(Pistil)

pollen (male) + ovule (female) → single-celled zygote → multi-celled


embryo (contained in a seed) → new individual
 stamen is the male part and contains pollen
 carpels or pistil is the female part and
contains ovule (eggs)
 pollen grains from the anther are transferred
to the stigma by the process of pollination
◦ self pollination (plant pollinates its own eggs)
◦ cross pollination (pollen from one plant pollinates
another plants eggs)
 flowers are designed to lure insects to help
with the pollination process
◦ also wind, animals, birds can transport pollen
Pollen is produced in
the male organs of the Sexual Reproduction
flowers - anthers. in Flowering Plants
Pollination occurs
when pollen is
transferred from the
anthers to the female
organs by wind or by
animals. If the female
stigma is receptive to a
pollen grain, the pollen
produces a pollen tube,
which grows through
the female tissue to the
egg, where
fertilization takes
place by the sperm
nucleus.
 Plant parts : roots, stem, leaves, flowers and
fruits.
 Reproductive Structures :
◦ flowers and fruits
 Vegetative Structures:
◦ roots, stem and leaves
 Some plants can reproduce both ways –
reproductively as well as vegetatively.
 Advantages  Disadvantages
◦ No need external ◦ Lack of dispersal
agencies e.g. insects, mechanism may lead to
wind etc overcrowding.
◦ Food is usually present
in the vegetative ◦ New plants are less
structures, a rapid varied
development of buds ◦ New plants may be less
into daughter plants can adaptable to changes
take place. in environmental
◦ New plants resemble condition.
parent plant in every
way.
◦ Involves only one parent
Sexual Reproduction:
Requiring 2 parents (egg & sperm)
Combining different genetic material
 External fertilization usually requires a
medium such as water, which the sperms
can use to swim towards the egg cell.
External fertilization usually occur in fish
and amphibians.
 The females lay the eggs in the water and
the male squirts the sperm
in the same area.
 Fertilization occurs within the female.
 Internal fertilization occurs in mammals,
insects, birds, reptiles.
◦ Mammals (gorillas, lions, elephants, rats, zebras,
and dolphins have live births)
◦ Insects, birds, reptiles lay eggs
 Sexual reproduction produces a greater
chance of variation within a species than
asexual reproduction would.
 This variation improves the chances that a
species will adapt to his environment and
survive.
 involves specialized sex cells called gametes
 the union of a male and female gamete results
in the formation of a zygote that develops into
a new individual
Male Female Type of Result of Final
Gamete Gamete Union Union Result

Plants pollen ovule Pollination single cell multi-cell


(egg) fertilization SEED embryo
(in seed)

Animals sperm egg Copulation single cell multi-cell


Fertilization ZYGOTE embryo
 most plants that produce seeds (sexual
reproduction) can also reproduce asexually
by things like cuttings or runners
 this gives them an advantage for survival

sponges and hydra mosses


Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction
 advantages  advantages
◦ does not require ◦ lots of variation within
special cells or a lot of a species
energy ◦ able to live in a variety
◦ can produce offspring of environmental
quickly settings
◦ in a stable ◦ able to adapt to
environment creates changes in the
large, thriving environment
population  disadvantages
 disadvantages ◦ needs time & energy
◦ limited ability to adapt ◦ produce small
◦ face massive die-off if populations
environment changes
 During conjugation, a bridge forms between two
cells. The genetic material of one cell is pass to
another emptying the other cell. The contents of
both cells combine to form a zygote.
 Spirogyra
Conjugation is the direct transfer of DNA from one
bacterial cell to another bacterial cell. The transferred
DNA is a plasmid, a circle of DNA that is distinct from
the main bacterial chromosome.

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi