Electricity and Magnetism

Electric Charges and Forces

 Objectives
1. 1. Describe the forces between like and unlike electric
charges.

2. 2. Identify the parts of the atom that carry electric charge.

3. 3. Apply the concept of an electric field to describe how

charges exert force on other charges.

4. 4. Sketch the electric field around a positive or negative

point charge.
 Electric Charge

Key Question:
How do electric charges
interact?
Electric Charge
 All ordinary matter contains
both positive and negative
charge.
 You do not usually notice the
charge because most matter
contains the exact same
number of positive and
negative charges.
 An object is electrically
neutral when it has equal
amounts of both types of
charge.
 Electric Charge
 Objects can lose or gain electric
charges.
 The net charge is also sometimes
called excess charge because a
charged object has an excess of
either positive or negative charges.
 A tiny imbalance in either positive
or negative charge on an object is
the cause of static electricity.
 Electric Charge
 Electric charge is a property
of tiny particles in atoms.
 The unit of electric charge
is the coulomb (C).
 A quantity of charge should
always be identified with a
positive or a negative sign.
 Electric forces
 Electric forces are created between all electric charges.
 Because there are two kinds of charge (positive and negative)
the electrical force between charges can attract or repel.
 Electric current
 The direction of current was historically defined as the
direction that positive charges move.
 Both positive and negative charges can carry current.
 In conductive liquids (salt
water) both positive and
negative charges carry
current.
 In solid metal conductors,
only the electrons can move,
so current is carried by the
flow of negative electrons.
Electric current
 Current is the movement of electric charge through a
substance.

Charge that flows

Current (coulombs)
(amps) I=q
t
Time (sec)
Calculate current

 Two coulombs of charge pass through a wire in five

seconds.
 Calculate the current in the wire.
 Conductors and insulators
 All materials contain electrons.
 The electrons are what carry the
current in a conductor.
 The electrons in insulators are
not free to move—they are
tightly bound inside atoms.
Conductors and insulators
A semiconductor has a few free electrons and atoms
with bound electrons that act as insulators.
Conductors and insulators
 When two neutral objects are
rubbed together, charge is
transferred from one to the
other and the objects become
oppositely charged.
 This is called charging by
friction.
 Objects charged by this
method will attract each other.
Coulomb's Law
 Coulomb’s law relates the force between two single
charges separated by a distance.

Constant
9 x109 N.m2/C2

Force
(N) F = K q1 q2 Charges (C)

r2
Distance (m)
 Coulomb's Law
 The force between two
charges gets stronger as the
charges move closer
together.
 The force also gets stronger
if the amount of charge
becomes larger.
 Coulomb's Law
 The force between two
charges is directed along
the line connecting their
centers.
 Electric forces always occur
in pairs according to
Newton’s third law, like all
forces.
 Coulomb's Law
 The force between charges is
directly proportional to the
magnitude, or amount, of
each charge.
 Doubling one charge doubles
the force.
 Doubling both charges
quadruples the force.
 Coulomb's Law
 The force between charges is
inversely proportional to the
square of the distance between
them.
 Doubling the distance reduces
the force by a factor of 22 = (4),
decreasing the force to one-
fourth its original value (1/4).
 This relationship is called an
inverse square law because force
and distance follow an inverse
square relationship.
 Fields and forces
 The concept of a field is used to describe any quantity that
has a value for all points in space.
 You can think of the field as the way forces are transmitted
between objects.
 Charge creates an electric field that creates forces on other
charges.
 Fields and forces
 Mass creates a gravitational field that exerts forces on
other masses.
Drawing the electric field
 Key concepts: Gaussian Surface, Flux,
Enclosed Charge
Gauss’s Law is proposed by
German mathematician Carl
Friedrich Gauss.
Gauss’s Law
 Gauss’s law for the electric field describes the
static electric field generated by a distribution
of electric charges. It states that the electric
flux through any closed surface is proportional
to the total electric charge enclosed by this
surface
 The Gauss' Law is used to find electric field when the
charge is continuously distributed within an object with
symmetrical geometry, such as sphere, cylinder, or plane.
 Gauss’s Law gives us an alternative to
 Coulomb’s Law for calculating the
electric field due to a given distribution
of charges.
 The meaning of flux is just the number of
field lines passing through the surface.
Accelerators
 An electric field can be
produced by maintaining a
voltage difference across any
insulating space, such as air or a
vacuum.
 Electric fields are used to create
beams of high-speed electrons
by accelerating them.
 Electron beams are used in x-ray
machines, televisions, computer
displays, and many other
technologies.
Electric shielding
 Electric fields are created all around
us by electric appliances, lightning,
and even static electricity.
 These stray electric fields can interfere
with the operation of computers and
other sensitive electronics.
 Many electrical devices and wires that
connect them are enclosed in
conducting metal shells to take
advantage of the shielding effect.
Capacitors
 A capacitor is a storage device for electric charge.

 Capacitors can be connected in series or parallel

in circuits, just like resistors.
Capacitors
 A capacitor can be charged by connecting it to a battery or
any other source of current.
 A capacitor can be discharged by connecting it to any
closed circuit that allows current to flow.
Capacitors
The current flowing into or out of a
particular capacitor depends on
four things:
1. The amount of charge already in
the capacitor.
2. The voltage applied to the
capacitor by the circuit.
3. Any circuit resistance that limits
the current flowing in the circuit.
4. The capacitance of the capacitor.
 How a capacitor works inside
 The simplest type of
capacitor is called a parallel
plate capacitor.
 It is made of two conductive
metal plates that are close
together, with an insulating
plate in between to keep the
charges from coming
together.
 Wires conduct charges
coming in and out of the
capacitor.
How a capacitor works inside
The amount of charge a capacitor can store depends on
several factors:
1. The voltage applied to the capacitor.
2. The insulating ability of the material between
the positive and negative plates.
3. The area of the two plates (larger areas can hold
more charge).
4. The separation distance between the plates.
 Capacitance
The ability of a capacitor to store charge is called capacitance
(C).

Capacitance
(coulombs/volt)

Charge
(C) q = CV Voltage (volts)

Cameras use capacitors to supply quick bursts of

energy to flash bulbs.
 Capacitance
 Capacitance is measured in farads (F).
 A one-farad capacitor can store one coulomb of charge
when the voltage across its plates is one volt.

 One farad is a large amount of

capacitance, so the microfarad
(μF) is frequently used in place
of the farad.
Calculate capacitance
 A capacitor holds 0.02
coulombs of charge when
fully charged by a 12-volt
battery.
 Calculate its capacitance
and the voltage that would
be required for it to hold
one coulomb of charge.
 Capacitors

Key Question:
How does a capacitor work?

*Students read Section 21.3 BEFORE Investigation 21.3

Application: How a Television Works
Electric Potential
 CONSERVATIVE FORCES

A conservative force “gives back” work that has been done against it

Gravitational and electrostatic forces are conservative

Friction is NOT a conservative force
 CONSERVATIVE FORCES
A conservative force “gives back” work that has been done against it

When we lift a mass m from ground to a height h,

the potential energy of the mass increases.
If we release the mass, it falls, picking up kinetic
energy (or speed). As the mass falls, the potential
energy is being converted into kinetic energy.
By the time it reaches the ground, the mass has
acquired a kinetic energy and it’s
potential energy is zero.
The gravitational force ‘gave back’ the work that
when we lifted the mass.
 CONSERVATIVE FORCES
A conservative force “gives back” work that has been done against it

The gravitational force is a conservative force.

The electric force is a conservative force as well.

We will be able to define a potential energy

associated with the electric force. A charge will
have potential energy when in an electric field.

Work done on the charge (by an external agent,

or by the field) will result in changes in the
potential energy of the charge.
 POTENTIAL ENERGY

The change in potential energy,

associated with a conservative force,
is the negative of the work done by that force,