Sex and Gender, Gender

Issues and Forms of

Gender Biases
ROMMEL O. CASABAR
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
 Objective
Review concept of sex, gender, gender
characteristics, gender roles, and other key
concepts related to GAD mainstreaming and
gender biases
What’s in your head?

SEX? or Gender?
1. Women give birth to babies, men do not.
2. Little girls are gentle, boys are rough.
3. According to UN statistics, women do 67% of
the world’s work, yet their earnings amount only
to 10% of the world’s income.
4. Women can breast-feed babies, men can
bottle-feed babies.
5. Most-building site workers in the Philippines
are men.
6. Men’s voices break at puberty, women’s do
not.
7. In one study of 224 cultures, there were 5 in
which men did all the cooking and 36 in which
women did all the house building.
SEX GENDER
• Categorized as • Masculinity and
femininity
male or female • Socially, culturally
• Biological and historically
• Fixed at birth determined
• Learned through
• Does not change socialization
across time and • Varies over time and
space space
• Unequally valued
• Equally valued
PANGASINAN DIVISION II
 SEX ROLE GENDER ROLE
Role which male or female assumes Role assigned to men and women
because of basic physiological or based on their gender. It also refers
anatomical differences to activities which are considered
appropriate and acceptable for
boys or girls; men or women.

Male- lifting heavy things (hard Men as providers, decision makers

work) Women are responsible for all of
Female- child bearing; child rearing the housework and care of all the
members of the household

DO GENDER ROLES CHANGE?

 Gender norms

It refers to the way by which a

society expects men and women to
behave; deals not only with differences
on how men and women, girls or boys
behave, but about the different values
associated with being a boy or a girl,
man or woman.
 Gender Identity

It is the defined notion of

femininity or masculinity ; one’s
internal, personal sense of being a
man or a woman (or a boy or a girl).
 Gender Expressions

It is the external manifestation of

one’s gender identity usually
expressed through “masculine,”
“feminine” or gender-variant behavior,
clothing, haircut, voice or body
characteristics.
Asexual Lesbians

Cisgender
Bisexual Gays
Transgender/Transexuals
Intersex
Queer
 Gender Stereotypes

It is the tendency or attitude, to

ascribe particular traits,
characteristics and roles distinctly to
men and particular traits,
characteristics, roles distinctly to
women

DOUBLE STANDARDS
 Gender Differences

It is how society treats boys and

girls differently, and expect them to
behave differently from each other.
 Gender Bias
Any gender-based distinction, exclusion,
or restriction which has the effect or purpose of
impairing or nullifying the recognition,
enjoyment, or exercise by women, irrespective
of their marital status, on a basis of equality of
men and women, of human rights and
fundamental freedoms in the political,
economic, social, cultural, civil or any other
field.
 SURVEY

1. Who is often elected as

leader/president in school/community
organizations, male or female?
2. Who is often selected as secretary or
treasurer in school/community
organizations, male or female?
 SURVEY

3. Who has more property before you were

married, wife or husband?
4. Who says the final decision regarding family
matters, wife or husband?
 SURVEY

5. Who has more household chores, wife or

husband?
6. Who is more abused, male or female?
 Forms of Gender Biases
1. Gender Stereotyping
- Fixed unquestioned beliefs.
- Images we carry in the back of our minds
about women and men.
- Transmitted from generation to generation.
 Forms of Gender Biases
2. Subordination
- Power relationship where men are expected
to take on leadership and women are
expected to support or subordinate
themselves to men.
- The subordination of women’s capabilities to think
and decide for themselves affect different areas
• of life: family, work and even politics.
 Forms of Gender Biases
3. Multiple Burden
- Refers to the increasing duties and
responsibilities that women are expected to take on
without similar expected effort from men. Women
are expected to perform reproductive (domestic)
tasks, other than productive (paid) work, more than
that of men.
 Forms of Gender Biases
4. Marginalization
- Women’s work is not valued/ undervalued.
- Women are paid less than men for
productive work.
- Women have less access to and control over
resources and benefits.
Deconstructing Gender
How is this system/process perpetuated?

Through the process of Socialization

39
 Manipulation

MANIPULATION
• Refers to ways where parents deter or
encourage behavior on the basis of
appropriateness in regards to gender, parents
treat boys and girls differently
• Manifested in the ways infants are handled
differently
 Canalization
CANALIZATION
•Refers to the way in which parents channel
the child's interests in activities in
conjunction with gender as deemed
appropriate.
•Children are ‘channeled’ to certain toys and
activities by their parents.
 Verbal Appellations

Verbal Appellations
Use of language to label children in a way that
reinforces appropriate gender identification.
The way we talk to children can show how
important gender is.
We use gender in our praise
 Pretty girl / Little angel or princess
 Naughty boy / Brave boy
 Activity Exposures
ACTIVITY EXPOSURE
• Activities conformity to norms and practices
that reinforces appropriate gender
identification.
• Girls are expected to help their mother.
• Boys are given more freedom to play or work
outside the home.
 Gender Issue

Any issue or concern determined by

gender-based and/or sex-based differences
between women and men.
 Gender Issues in Education

1. Boys are under performing in key

education indicators compared to girls
2. Indigenous people (IP) also fall behind
in enrolment data and experience
discrimination
 Gender Issues in Education

3. Higher education degrees

manifest marked gender-segregation

4. Gender biases and stereotypes

remain, and are still embedded in
the instructional methods, materials
and learning media
 Gender Issues in Education

5. Women and girls continue to be

vulnerable to sexual harassment and
violence inside schools because of
lack of safe and gender-responsive
teaching-learning environment

Women’s EDGE 2013-2016

 GAD CORE MESSAGES

a. This is not war of the sexes.

b. Women and men have different
experiences, and in general, women
are at a disadvantaged position.
c. Both women and men are
stakeholders, so everyone should
contribute to changing the situation.