Académique Documents
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February 2, 2004
Agenda
• EMI specifications
• Emissions tutorial
• Susceptibility tutorial
Potential Battlespace
EMI / EMC Threats
• All types of Radar
• Radio and Satellite
Comms
• C4ISR Network
• Hostile Listeners
• Jammers
• Directed Energy
Weapons
• Electromagnetic
Pulse (EMP)
Radiation
in/out of
Power Lines
Powe
Radiation
r
in/out of
Lines
Conduction in/out of Signal Lines
Power Lines
Signal Lines
Conduction in/out
of Signal Lines
Military
• MIL–STD–461E - EMI REQUIREMENTS,
DESIGN and TEST
• MIL–STD–464 - VEHICLE EMC &
LIGHTNING REQUIREMENTS
Commercial (Aircraft)
• RTCA–DO–160 - EMI & LIT
REQUIREMENTS INCL TEST METHODS
• AC 20–136 - FAA LIT ADVISORY
CIRCULAR
Commercial (Automotive, Consumer)
• SAE J551 (series of dash-specs)
• FCC Rules and Regulations, Title 47, Part
15, Subpart B
• European Union (Various)
Radiated
Emissions
Conducted
Radiated Susceptibilit
Susceptibilit y
y
HybriDrive™
equipped bus at
EMI/EMC test
facility - Owego, NY
F/A-18 at
EMI/EMC test
facility -
Patuxent River,
MD
• Chassis Material - Highly conductive • Signal and power lines - Proper filtering
• Chassis Joints - Tight and conductive • I/O Cables - Shield with proper terminations
• Quiet Noisy Circuits - Minimize spikes • Magnetics - Magnetic and electric shielding
Noisy
Circuit
Receiver
Equipment Chassis
Problem: Noisy circuits couple common mode noise onto all signal lines
Symptom: Emissions affect FM radio signals
Solution: Clean up the ringing and add filter pins
RF
Energy
RF RF
Energy Energy
Problem: Wire through hole or unfiltered connector pin
Symptom: Lower frequency emissions or susceptibility
Solution: Filter pins, power line filtering
• Chassis Material - Highly conductive • Sensitive circuits - Bypass and in-line filtering
• Chassis Joints - Tight and conductive • I/O Cables - Shield with proper terminations
• Signal and power lines - Proper filtering • Power distribution - Power and ground planes
Sensitive
Circuit
Trans-
mitter
Equipment Chassis
Propulsion
Electric Machines
Control
• Use brushless types (AC Induction,
System
Permanent Magnet, Switched
Vehicle Wiring Reluctance)
• Overbraid high power bundles • Enclose high power terminals
• Shield digital data buses • Common mode inverter noise
• Provide proper shield terminations • Magnetic field radiation
CONDUCTED
CONDUCTED RADIATED
RADIATED
(Cxxx
(Cxxx Tests)
Tests) (Rxxx
(Rxxx Tests)
Tests)
EMISSIONS
EMISSIONS SUSCEPTIBILITY
SUSCEPTIBILITY EMISSIONS
EMISSIONS SUSCEPTIBILITY
SUSCEPTIBILITY
CE101 POWER LEADS, 30 Hz CS101 POWER LEADS, 30 Hz to 50 kHz RE101 MAGNETIC FIELD, RS101 MAGNETIC FIELD,
to 10 kHz 30 Hz to 100 kHz 30 Hz to 100 kHz
CS103 ANTENNA PORT,
CE102 POWER LEADS, 10 INTERMODULATION, 15 kHz to 10 GHz RE102 ELECTRIC FIELD, RS103 ELECTRIC FIELD,
kHz to 10 MHz 10 kHz to 18 GHz 10 kHz to 40 GHz
CS104 ANTENNA PORT, REJECTION OF
CE106 ANTENNA TERMINAL, UNDESIRED SIGNALS, 30 kHz to 20 GHz RE103 ANTENNA, RS105 TRANSIENT
10 kHz to 40 GHz SPURIOUS and ELECTROMAGNETIC
CS105 ANTENNA PORT, CROSS
HARMONIC OUTPUTS, FIELD
MODULATION, 30 kHz to 20 GHz
10 kHz to 40 GHz
CS109 CONDUCTED SUSCEPTIBILITY,
STRUCTURE CURRENT, 60 Hz to 100 kHz
CS114 BULK CABLE INJECTION, 10 kHz to
400 MHz
CS115 BULK CABLE INJECTION, IMPULSE
EXCITATION
CS116 DAMPED SINUSOIDAL TRANSIENTS,
CABLES AND POWER LEADS, 10 kHz to 100
MHz
BAE SYSTEMS Platform Solutions Common test groups for component level test shown in RED font Tac Wheels EMI 2-2-04
Typical Limit Line Nomenclature
V/mdBµ V/m MIL-STD-461ERE102Emissions
1 x 10-1
SpecificationLimits
3.2 x 10-2
1 x 10-2
3.2 x 10-3
1 x 10-3
3.2 x 10-4
1 x 10-4
3.2 x 10-5
1 x 10-5
3.2 x 10-6 2M
DC Link Inverter
(source) (load)
• Differential Mode noise goes out one wire and comes back on another
• Usually caused by Inverter or Power Supply pulse current drawn from source
• Block with Differential Mode Choke followed by adequate bulk capacitance
Inverter Traction
(source) Motor
(load)
• Common Mode noise goes out both wires and comes back on the chassis
• Usually caused by high frequency power switches coupling to the heatsink
• Block with Common Mode Choke and high frequency capacitors to chassis
• Filter pin connector passes each I/O signal through a small high frequency π filter
• Effectively eliminates the shielding breach caused by wire-through-hole
• Filter loading can delay high impedance signals, alter analog control loop
response and attenuate high frequency digital signals
• VERY Expensive, hard to test and can be damaged by lightning energy
Don’t make much noise and keep the noise you make
BAE SYSTEMS Platform Solutions Tac Wheels EMI 2-2-04
What can you do about susceptibility?
Power Electronics
Propulsion
Electric Machines
Control
System
Vehicle Wiring