BRIEF SUMMARY

ON
CHAPTERS 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 AND 9
Prepared by:
Prof. Antonio C. Cayetano
CHAPTER 4: THE PHILIPPINES BECOMES A SPANISH COLONY

1. European exploration and expansion was driven by the search for

access to the profitable Oriental trade, the religious mission of
spreading Christianity and was made possible by the technological
advances in navigation.

2. The Spaniards had three main aims in taking over the Philippine
islands, namely, the expansion of trade, the conversion of the natives
to Catholicism, and the extension of territories ruled by the King of
Spain.
CHAPTER 4: THE PHILIPPINES BECOMES A SPANISH COLONY

3. The subjugation of the native population mainly in the lowlands and

coastal areas of Luzon and Visayas was effected through a
combination of local alliances, military intrusion, and religious
persuasion.

4. In 1571, Manila became the center of Spanish colonial power in the

Philippines. Strategically located in the heart of the economically
productive and thickly populated Tagalog and Kapampangan regions
in Luzon, the city grew to become the paramount city of the
archipelago.
CHAPTER 5: INTRODUCTION OF COLONIAL INSTITUTIONS

1. The different colonial institutions that were established in the

Philippines during the early years of Spanish conquest brought about
tremendous changes in the political, economic, and social aspects of
the community. The barangays which were independently ruled from
each other had to be unified under the Spanish Colonial Government
with the Governador Y Capitan-General as the head and the sole
representative of the King.

2. The scattered settlements had to be resettled in a community to

easily monitor the natives. Initially, the colonial government awarded
the Encomienda to meritorious Spaniards to easily pacify the natives.
CHAPTER 5: INTRODUCTION OF COLONIAL INSTITUTIONS

3. The missionaries on the other hand employed the reduccion system

wherein the natives and important government institutions were
established and resettled near an open space called plaza.

4. The aims of reduccion system:

a. To easily monitor the movement of the new converts from their

birth to death.

b. To facilitate the collection of tribute.

CHAPTER 5: INTRODUCTION OF COLONIAL INSTITUTIONS

5. Different economic institutions like polo y services and tributo

(personal tax) were also imposed on the natives in order to support
the different colonial projects in the archipelago.

6. However, the unjust and excessive collection of these services and tax
was questioned by the church and the friars.
CHAPTER 6: EARLY FILIPINO REVOLTS
1. Early in the colonization of the Philippines by Spain, Filipinos responded
to the colonial master through revolts.
2. The revolts were caused by Filipinos wanting to preserve their pre-
Spanish religion, freedom from force labor, and preservation of
communal lands.
3. The Church and the State, on different ocassions of the revolts, took the
side of the Filipinos.
4. The revolts were suppressed by pitting one Filipino ethnic group against
another.
5. The revolts unintentionally provided information about early Filipino
culture.
CHAPTER 7: THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT

1. The following significant events and trends during the nineteenth

century provide the background for the Propaganda Movement,
namely:

a. World trade and commercialization of agriculture.

b. Rise of a wealthy class of mestizos and natives.
c. Spread of education which produced the ilustrados.
d. Secularization issue in the Catholic Church.
e. Cavite mutiny.
f. The execution of GomBurZa.
CHAPTER 7: THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT
2. The Propaganda Movement was a peaceful campaign for reforms led
by Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. Del Pilar, Mariano Ponce, Graciano Lope
Jaena and other Filipinos.
3. Unfortunately, the Propaganda Movement failed to attain essential
right and privileges for the Filipinos because of the following reasons,
to wit:
a. The turbulent politics in Spain
b. The influence of the friar orders
c. The insufficiency of funds to sustain the movement
d. The disputes among Filipino leaders
CHAPTER 7: THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT

4. The emergence of a Filipino national consciousness was the most

important legacy of the Propaganda Movement.
CHAPTER 8: THE 1896 PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION

1. The Katipunan, founded at the night of July 7, 1892, was a society

that intended for the Philippines to completely separate from Spain
through radical or revolutionary means.

2. Andres Bonifacio, the “Father of the Revolution,” envisioned a nation

that had its own government and its people free from the yoke of
colonial abuse.

3. During the course of the revolution, the Katipunan endured internal

issues which eventually resulted in factionalism and fragmentation of
the revolutionary movement.
CHAPTER 8: THE 1896 PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION

4. The Tejeros Convention on March 22, 1897 divided the

revolutionaries in Cavite between those who supported Emilio
Aguinaldo and Bonifacio. For this reason, the Supremo and his
brother were arrested and executed on May 10, 1897 at Mt. Tala in
Maragondon.

5. The declaration of Independence on June 12, 1898, although opposed

by Apolinario Mabini, was one of the means by which the
revolutionaries began to assert the independence of the country.
CHAPTER 8: THE 1896 PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION

6. The holding of the Malolos Congress and the drafting of the Malolos
Constitution were concrete attempts by the Filipinos for their
capacity for self-government.
CHAPTER 9: THE AMERICAN OCCUPATION OF THE PHILIPPINES.

1. The Philippines, together with Cuba and Puerto Rico, was acquired by
the United States through the Treaty of Paris. The treaty ended the
Spanish-American War. The US paid Spain $20 million for annexing
the Philippines.

2. Aside from economic and political reasons, the United States also
used different justifications to defend their action of annexing the
Philippines. For instance, they invoked the “White Man’s Burden” – a
widely held belief among Westerners that they have a moral duty to
civilize the non-whites such as the Filipinos. Likewise, their belief in
manifest destiny also fuelled their territorial expansion towards the
Pacific.
CHAPTER 9: THE AMERICAN OCCUPATION OF THE PHILIPPINES.

3. There were different responses to the plans of the United States to

annex the Philippines. While it was clear that President William
McKinley wanted to acquire the Philippines, the Anti-Imperialist
League opposed the imperialist designed of the United States.

4. Tensions between the forces of Aguinaldo and the United States

quickly escalated following the ratification of the Treaty of Paris and
the release the McKinley’s Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation.

5. The San Juan Bridge incident led the Philippine-American War of

1899.
CHAPTER 9: THE AMERICAN OCCUPATION OF THE PHILIPPINES.

6. The surrender of Emilio Aguinaldo on March 23, 1901 officially ended

the Philippine-American War but Filipino resistance to the US
continued until 1910.
CHAPTER 10: THE SUPPRESSION OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM AND
THE FILIPINIZATION OF THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT
1. Following the Philippine-America War, the United States colonial
government in the Philippines, particularly through its legislative
body – the Philippine Commission – tried to strengthen the colonial
order and to defeat the remaining revolutionary forces in the islands.

2. By enacting a number of legislations the Americans were able to

supress native resistance and nationalism, thus the era of supressed
nationalism.
CHAPTER 10: THE SUPPRESSION OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM AND
THE FILIPINIZATION OF THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT
3. Here are some the legislations, to wit:

3.1. Sedition Law – prohibits the advocacy of Philippine

independence or political separation from the US, covering
all possible methods – from the overt to the passive –
including speeches, publications, and literature.

3.2. Brigandage Law – viewed all subsequent acts of resistance as

brigandage or highway robbery.
CHAPTER 10: THE SUPPRESSION OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM AND
THE FILIPINIZATION OF THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT
3. Here are some the legislations, to wit:

3.3. Flag Law – prohibits the display of flags, banners and emblems
which may entice Filipinos to rebel against American authorities.

3.4. Libel Law – prohibits malicious defamation in writing, printing

and theatrical exhibitions against the US.
CHAPTER 10: THE SUPPRESSION OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM AND
THE FILIPINIZATION OF THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT
4. Filipinization of the government, meanwhile, took place with the help
of the different laws passed by the US Congress. Little by little,
Filipinos were given the chance to participate in the governance of
the islands by being appointed to key positions in the government
and by being allowed to participate in the lawmaking process through
the Philippine Assembly.

5. It was the Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934 which ultimately set the

conditions before Philippine Independence was given to the Filipinos.

6. Similarly, it also called for the drafting of the Philippine Constitution

of 1935.