Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Arham
• Mechanical properties of soil are not adequate.
• Swelling and shrinkage
• Collapsible soils
• Soft soils
• Organic soils and peaty soil
• Sands and gravelly deposits, karst deposits with sinkhole
formations
• Foundations on dumps and sanitary landfills
• Handling hazardous materials in contact with soil.
• Use of old mine pits
Ground Improvement refers to a technique that improves the
engineering properties of the soil mass treated. Usually, the
properties that are modified are shear strength, stiffness and
permeability. Ground improvement has developed into a
sophisticated tool to support foundations for a wide variety of
structures. Properly applied, i.e. after giving due consideration to
the nature of the ground being improved and the type and
sensitivity of the structures being built, ground improvement often
reduces direct costs and saves time.
GROUND
IMPROVEMENT
TECHNIQUES
TYPES OF
COMPACTION
SHALLOW
SURFACE DEEP SURFACE
COMPACTION COMPACTION
SHALLOW SURFACE COMPACTION
Achieved by static pressure and or dynamic pressure caused by rollers ,
impact or vibration.
● EXPLOSION:
Explosives are detonated on the surface in an array of boreholes causing a
loose soil structure to collapse.
The explosive charges generally contain 30% gelatin dynamite of special types
having ammonite and 60% dynamite. Normally the charges place at 2/3 of the
thickness of required stratum to be densified for founding building structure.
The charges should be placed at (3-8) m interval and for a particular location 3-5
blasts are usually generated to have required compaction.
Where
M=mass of explosive charges (kg)
C=constant (considered 0.04 in case of 60% dynamite)
● HEAVY TAMPING:
A large mass is dropped in to the ground surface, causing compaction and
possibly long term consolidation.
Soil densification by dynamic compaction (DC), also called "heavy
tamping" is a well-known compaction method. The method was
"rediscovered" by Menard, who transformed the crude tamping
method into a rational compaction procedure. Soil is compacted by
repeated, systematic application of high energy using a heavy weight
(pounder). The imparted energy is transmitted from the ground
surface to the deeper soil layers by propagating shear and
compression waves types, which force the soil particles into a denser
state. In order to assure effective transfer of the applied energy, a 1 to
2 m thick stiff layer usually covers the ground surface. Pounders can
be square or circular in shape and made of steel or concrete. Their
weights normally range from 5 to 25 tons and drop heights of up
to 25 m have been used. Heavier weights and larger drop heights
have been used for compaction of deep soil deposits, but are not
very common.
● VIBRATION PILES:
• Sand drains
• Dewatering by electro-osmosis
• Well point drainage
SAND DRAINS
The driven casing is withdrawn after the sand has been filled. A sand
blanket is placed over the top of the sand drains to connect all the
sand drains. To accelerate the drainage, a surcharge load is placed on
the sand blanket. The surcharge is usually in the form of dumped soil.
Mechanism of consolidation
The cathode is a well point which collects the water drained from the soil.
The water collected is discharged, as in a conventional well point system.
The phenomenon of electro-osmosis can be explained with the help
of the electrical double layer. Cations are formed in pore water when
the dissolved minerals go into solution. These cations move towards
the negatively charged surface of clay minerals to satisfy the
electrical charge. As the water molecules acts as dipoles, the
cations also attract the negative end of dipoles. When the cations
move to the cathode, they take with them the attracted water
molecules.
In fact, the entire outer part of the diffuse double layer which is loosely
adsorbed to the soil particles gets sheared along a plane.
Anodes are in the form of steel rods located near the toe of the slope of
the excavation. Cathodes are in the form of perforated pipes, resembling
well points, installed in the soil mass about 4 to 5m away from the slope of
the cut.
The electrodes are so arranged that the natural direction of flow of water
is reversed and is directed away from excavation. This arrangement is
required to prevent sloughing of the slopes. In many cases, mere
reversing of the direction of flow helps in increasing the stability of the
slope even if there is no significant decrease in the water content of the
soil.
When adhesives are injected via boreholes under pressure into voids
within the ground or between it and a structure the process
is called grouting.
Quicklime is the most commonly used lime; the followings are the
advantages of quicklime over hydrated lime
• higher available free lime content per unit mass
• denser than hydrated lime (less storage space is required) and
less dust
• generates heat which accelerate strength gain and large reduction
in moisture content according to the reaction equation below
• Permeation or penetration
In this situation the grout flows freely with minimal effect into the soil
voids or rock seams.
This technology is well suited for the improvement of soft soils such as
silty sand, silts, clays and non homogeneous fills. Due to their lack of lateral
confinement organic soils, peat and very soft clays are not suitable for this
method, and other ground improvement methods need to be considered.
METHODS OF STONE COLUMN
WET/TOP
DRY/BOTTOM
FEED
FEED NETHOD
METHOD
WET / TOP FEED METHOD