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CONCRETE
GRADES OF CONCRETE:
In the designation of concrete mix, the letter M refers to the mix and the
number to the specified characteristic strength of 150mm work cube at 28
days, expressed in MPa (N/mm2).
Concrete of grades lower than M15 Is not suitable for reinforced concrete
works and grades lower than M30 not be used in prestressed concrete
works.
CONCRETE
CONCRETE
INGREDIENTS OF CONCRETE:
2.Aggregate:
These are primarily naturally –occurring, inert granular materials
such as sand, gravel or crushed stone. Recently recycled
materials and synthetic products are used.
3.Water:
The water content and the minerals and chemicals dissolved in
it are crucial to achieving quality concrete.
4.Chemical admixtures;
components which are added along with above ingredients
immediately before of during mixing to improve specific
characteristics.
CONCRETE
Its function is to bind the sand and coarse aggregates together and to fill
the voids in between them to form a compact mass.
The argillaceous materials are clay, shale, slate and blast furnace slag.
Lime - 60
Silica - 20
Alumina and -6
Iron oxides. -4
Fineness:
The finer the cement the higher is the rate of hydration. This results in
the early development of strength.
CONCRETE
Setting time:
The time at which the cement paste loses its plasticity is termed as
initial setting time.
The time taken to reach the stage when the paste becomes a hard
mass is knows as the final setting time.
CONCRETE
Compressive strength:
TYPES OF CEMENT:
Non-OPC cement:
High-alumina Cement
Magnesium Phosphate Cement
CONCRETE
AGGREGATES:
CLASSIFICATION OF AGGREGATES:
Classification of the aggregates is generally based on
Geological origin
Size
Shape , weight ,etc…
1.Geological Origin:
The aggregates are usually derived from natural sources and
may have been naturally reduced to size or may have to be
reduced by crushing.
a) Natural aggregates:
• These are natural deposits of sand and gravel. The ricer
deposits are the most common and are of good quality.
• Other sources are quarried rock which is reduced to size by
crushing.
b) Artificial aggregates:
commonly used are clean broken bricks and air cooled fresh
blast-furnace slag.
CONCRETE
b) Artificial aggregates:
CLASSIFICATION OF AGGREGATES:
2 Based on size :
a) Fine aggregate
b) coarse aggregate
Fine aggregate:
Particles of fine aggregates pass through 4.75mm(No.4) sieve .
CLASSIFICATION OF AGGREGATES:
2 Based on size :
a) Fine aggregate
b) coarse aggregate
Coarse aggregate:
Coarse aggregates are retained on 4.75mm(#4) sieve.
Aggregates the size of whose particle is bigger than 4.75 mm but smaller
than 7.5 mm are known as coarse aggregates.
CONCRETE
CLASSIFICATION OF AGGREGATES:
3. Based on shape :
Rounded aggregates
Angular aggregates
CLASSIFICATION OF AGGREGATES:
3. Based on shape :
Rounded aggregate
CLASSIFICATION OF AGGREGATES:
3. Based on shape :
Irregular aggregates
CLASSIFICATION OF AGGREGATES:
3. Based on shape :
Angular aggregates
CLASSIFICATION OF AGGREGATES:
3. Based on shape :
Flaky and elongated aggregates
When the aggregate length is larger than its width and width is larger than
its thickness then it is said to be flaky and elongated aggregates.
CLASSIFICATION OF AGGREGATES:
4. Based on weight :
a)ultra-lightweight
Can be sawed or nailed, also used for its insulating properties
(250 to 1450 kg/m3).
a)ultra-lightweight
Vermiculite
CLASSIFICATION OF AGGREGATES:
4. Based on weight :
b) Lightweight
Used primarily for making lightweight concrete for structures, also
used for its insulating properties (1350 to 1850 kg/m3).
b) Lightweight
Crushed Brick
CONCRETE
CLASSIFICATION OF AGGREGATES:
4. Based on weight :
c) Normal weight
Used for normal concrete projects
WATER:
WATER:
If too much of water is added to concrete, the excess water along with
Cement comes to the surface by capillary action
This cement water mixture forms a scum or thin layer of chalky material
Known as laitance.
Inorganic salts – like zinc, copper and lead causes reduction in strength
of concrete.
presence of calcium chloride accelerates setting &
hardening.
Acid and alkalis - Use of acid waters with pH values less than 3.0 should be
avoided.
Industrial Wastewaters
1. Air-entraining admixtures
2. Water-reducing admixtures
3. Plasticizers
4. Accelerating admixtures
5. Retarding admixtures
6. Hydration-control admixtures
7. Corrosion inhibitors
8. Shrinkage reducers
9. Alkali-silica reactivity inhibitors
10. Coloring admixtures
11. Miscellaneous admixtures such as workability, bonding,
damp proofing, permeability reducing, grouting,
gas-forming, antiwashout, foaming, and pumping admixtures
CONCRETE
PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE:
1. BATCHING,
2. MIXING,
3. TRANSPORTATION ,
4. COMPACTION –PLACING AND
5. CURING
CONCRETE
PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE:
1. BATCHING
Volume batching:
adopted for small jobs
gauge box are used for measure fine and coarse
aggregates.
Weight batching:
more preferable as it is more accurate.
does not have uncertainties associated with bulking
CONCRETE
CONCRETE
PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE:
2. MIXING
Stationary mixers:
tilting type
Non tilting type
PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE:
3. Transportation
Methods:
PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE:
4. Compaction of concrete:
It is the process adopted for expelling the entrapped air from the
concrete.
Methods:
Hand compaction
Compaction by vibration.
CONCRETE
PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE:
5. CURING:
PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE:
5. CURING:
CONCRETE
SPECIAL CONCRETES
LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
POLYMER CONCRETE
CONCRETE
LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
CONCRETE
1.LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
Structural lightweight concrete is similar to normal-weight concrete except that it has
a lower density.
DENSITY
lightweight concrete has an air-dry density in the range of 1350 to 1850 kg/m3 and a 28-
day compressive strength in excess of 17 Mpa
Normal-weight concrete containing regular sand, gravel, or crushed stone has a dry
density in the range of 2080 to 2480 kg/m3(C.S = 50 Mpa)
APPLICATION
Lightweight Aggregates
Structural lightweight aggregates are usually classified according to their production process
because various processes produce aggregates with somewhat different properties.
Structural lightweight aggregates can also be produced by processing other types of material,
such as naturally occurring pumice and scoria.
To control the uniformity of structural lightweight concrete mixtures, the aggregates are
prewetted (but not saturated) prior to batching.
CONCRETE
Entrained Air
• It also improves workability educes bleeding and segregation, and may compensate for
minor grading deficiencies in the aggregate.
• The amount of entrained air should be sufficient to provide good workability to the plastic
concrete and adequate freeze-thaw resistance to the hardened concrete.
• Air contents are generally between 5% and 8%, depending on the maximum size of coarse
aggregate (paste content) used and the exposure conditions.
Mixing
• Mixing procedures for structural lightweight concrete are similar to those for normal-
density concrete; however, some of the more absorptive aggregates may require
prewetting before use.
• Water added at the batching plant should be sufficient to produce the specified slump
at the jobsite.
• Measured slump at the batch plant will generally be appreciably higher than the slump
at the site. Pumping can especially aggravate slump loss.
CONCRETE
• Sufficient cement paste must be present to coat each particle, and coarse-
aggregate particles should not separate from the mortar. Enough fine aggregate is
needed to keep the freshly mixed concrete cohesive.
Slump
• Due to lower aggregate density, structural lightweight concrete does not slump as
much as normal-weight concrete with the same workability.
• With higher slumps, the large aggregate particles tend to float to the surface, making
finishing difficult.
CONCRETE
Vibration
• As with normal-weight concrete, vibration can be used effectively to consolidate
lightweight concrete; the same frequencies commonly used for normal-density
concrete are recommended.
• The length of time for proper consolidation varies, depending on mix characteristics.
• Structural lightweight concrete is generally easier to handle and place than normal-weight
concrete. A slump of 50 to 100 mm (2 to 4 in.) produces the best results for finishing.
• Greater slumps may cause segregation, delay finishing operations, and result in rough, uneven
surfaces.
• Adjustments to the mixture may be necessary; pumping pressure causes the aggregate to
absorb more water, thus reducing the slump and increasing the density of the concrete.
• Finishing operations should be started earlier than for comparable normal-weight concrete, but
finishing too early may be harmful.
• The two methods commonly used in the field are water curing (ponding, sprinkling, or using wet
coverings) and preventing loss of moisture from the exposed surfaces (covering with
waterproof paper, plastic sheets, or sealing with liquid membrane-forming compounds).
• Generally,7 days of curing are adequate for ambient air temperatures above 10°C (50°F).
CONCRETE
DENSITY
High-density (heavyweight) concrete and has a density of up to about 6400
kg/m3 .
APPLICATIONS
• Heavyweight concrete is used principally for radiation shielding but is also used for
counterweights and other applications where high-density is important.
• As a shielding material, against the harmful effects of X-rays, gamma rays, and
neutron radiation.
• Where space requirements are not important, ---normal-weight concrete --the most
economical where space is limited, heavyweight concrete will allow for reductions in
shield thickness without sacrificing shielding effectiveness.
CONCRETE
Type and intensity of radiation usually determine the requirements for density and water
content of shielding concrete.
• Effective shield against neutron radiation requires both heavy and light elements.
• Some aggregates contain crystallized water, called fixed water, as part of their structure.
For this reason, heavyweight aggregates with high fixed-water contents often are used if
both gamma rays and neutron radiation are to be attenuated.
High-Density Aggregates
• Where high fixed-water content is desirable, serpentine (which is slightly heavier than
• normal-weight aggregate) or bauxite can be used
• Steel punchings and shot are used where concrete with a density of more than 4800
kg/m3 is required. In general, selection of an aggregate is determined by physical
properties, availability, and cost.
• Heavyweight aggregates should be reasonably free of fine material, oil, and foreign
substances that may affect either the bond of paste to aggregate particle or the
hydration of cement.
• For good workability, maximum density, and economy, aggregates should be roughly
cubical in shape and free of excessive flat or elongated particles.
CONCRETE
Additions
• Boron additions such as colemanite, boron frits, and boro-calcite are sometimes used
to improve the neutron shielding properties of concrete.
• However, they may adversely affect setting and early strength of concrete; therefore,
trial mixes should be made with the addition under field conditions to determine
suitability.
STEEL FIBRES
GLASS
CARBON
CONCRETE
Steel fibre:
• Commonly used fibre, normally rounded ones, (diameter varies from 0.25 to 0.75).
• Can get rusted and there may be some lose of strength.(rusting occurs at the
surfaces)
• Improves flexural , impact and fatigue strength of concrete and
• used mainly in roads, airfield pavements
Glass:
• Recently used, high tensile strength (1020 to 4080 N/mm2.)
• Glass fibres effected by alkaline conditions of cement
• Hence, alkali resistant glass fibre has been developed and used.(more
durable).
Carbon:
• Very high tensile strength of 2110 to 2815 N/mm2.
• Cement composite of carbon fibre – high modulus of elasticity and flexural
strength.
• Limited study has be done. Suitable for structure like cladding, panels.
CONCRETE
Applications:
3. Polymer concrete
Then a low viscosity monomer is diffused through the open cell and polymerized
by
using radiation, application of heat or by chemical initiation.
This type of concrete production has modest improvement in strength and durability.
This is because the organic materials (monomers) are incompatible with aqueous system
and sometimes interfere with the alkaline cement hydration process.
Hence recently furfuryl alcohol and aniline hydrochloride are incorporated in wet mix.
CONCRETE
These have the aggregate bound with a polymer binder instead of Portland cement.
The main technique of this concrete is to minimize void volume in the aggregate mass
so as to reduce the quantity of polymer needed for binding the aggregates.
This is achieved by properly grading and mixing the aggregates to attain the maximum
density and minimum void volume. The graded aggregates are prepacked and
vibrated in mould.
A Silane coupling agent is added to the monomer to improve the bond strength
between the polymer and the aggregate.
In case polyester resins are used no polymerization is required.
Advantage:
Prevents formation of internal voids, on curing. Hence avoiding water trapping in voids.
Resistant to chemical attacks
CONCRETE
The polymerization can be done by using thermal catalytic method in which three
percent by weight of benzoyl peroxide is added to the monomer as catalyst.