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CONCRETE

CONCRETE

Concrete is obtained by mixing cementitious materials, water and


aggregates (sometimes admixtures) in required proportions. The
mixture when placed in forms and allowed to cure, hardens into a
rock-like mass know as concrete.

The hardening is caused by the chemical reaction between water and


cement and it continues for a long time.

The strength, durability and other characteristics of concrete depends


upon the properties of
its ingredients,
on the proportions of mix
Method of compaction and
Curing.
CONCRETE

GRADES OF CONCRETE:

Concrete is generally graded according to its compressive strength.

In the designation of concrete mix, the letter M refers to the mix and the
number to the specified characteristic strength of 150mm work cube at 28
days, expressed in MPa (N/mm2).

Concrete of grades lower than M15 Is not suitable for reinforced concrete
works and grades lower than M30 not be used in prestressed concrete
works.
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GRADES OF CONCRETE TABULATION:


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INGREDIENTS OF CONCRETE:

1.Cement (Portland cement):


Most widely used cementations ingredients in present day
concrete consisting of compounds of calcium, silicon,
aluminum and iron.

2.Aggregate:
These are primarily naturally –occurring, inert granular materials
such as sand, gravel or crushed stone. Recently recycled
materials and synthetic products are used.

3.Water:
The water content and the minerals and chemicals dissolved in
it are crucial to achieving quality concrete.

4.Chemical admixtures;
components which are added along with above ingredients
immediately before of during mixing to improve specific
characteristics.
CONCRETE

CEMENT: (Ordinary Portland cement)

Cement is basically a binding material.

Its function is to bind the sand and coarse aggregates together and to fill
the voids in between them to form a compact mass.

Although cement constitutes only about 10 % of the volume of the


concrete mix, it is the active portion of the binding medium and the only
scientifically controlled ingredients of concrete.

Ingredients of concrete - 2 Groups.

1.Active group - cement and water .

2.Inactive group - Fine and course aggregate.


CONCRETE

CEMENT: (Ordinary Portland cement)

It is obtained by burning together in a definite proportion a mixture of


naturally occurring argillaceous ( containing alumina) and calcareous
(containing calcium carbonate or lime) materials to a partial fusion at
high temperature –about 1450 degree C.

The product obtained on burning called clinker, is cooled and ground


to required fineness to produce a material known as cement.

During grinding of clinker, gypsum or plaster of Paris (CaS04) is added


to adjust the setting time. The amount of gypsum is about 3 % by
weight of clinker.

Inventor – Joseph Aspdin – called it Portland cement – since


resembled stone from the quarries near Portland in England.
CONCRETE

CEMENT: (Ordinary Portland cement)

The common calcareous materials are limestone, chalk, oyster shells


and marl.

The argillaceous materials are clay, shale, slate and blast furnace slag.

Therefore the basic raw materials used n the manufacture of cement


consists mainly of

Lime - 60

Silica - 20

Alumina and -6

Iron oxides. -4

Others – magnesium , sulphur , potassium


CONCRETE

CEMENT: (Ordinary Portland cement)

The composition of Portland cement basically consists of the


following four main compounds:

1.Tricalcium silicate - 3CaO.Sio2

2.Dicalcium silicate - 2Cao.Sio2

3.Tricalcium aluminates - 3Cao.Al2o3

4.Tetracalcium alumino ferrite - 4Cao.Al2o3.Fe2O3

To the above ingredients id added about 3 % of gypsum (CaSo4).


CONCRETE

Properties of Portland cement:

Fineness:

The fineness of a cement is a measure of the size of the particles of


cement and is expressed in terms of specific surface of cement.

It can be calculated from particle size distribution or one of the air


permeability methods.

It is an important factor in determining the rate of gain of strength and


uniformity of quality.

The finer the cement the higher is the rate of hydration. This results in
the early development of strength.
CONCRETE

Properties of Portland cement:

Setting time:

Cement when mixed with water forms a paste which generally


becomes less plastic and finally a hard mass is obtained.

In the process of setting, a stage is reached when cement paste is


sufficiently rigid to with stand a definite amount of pressure. The time
reach this stage is termed as setting time.

The time at which the cement paste loses its plasticity is termed as
initial setting time.

The time taken to reach the stage when the paste becomes a hard
mass is knows as the final setting time.
CONCRETE

Properties of Portland cement:

Compressive strength:

It is one of the important properties of the cement.

It can be calculate by the mortar cube crushing test and concrete


compression test.

Cement mortar cubes (1:3) having an area of 5000 Sq.mm are


prepared and tested in compression testing machine.

For ordinary Portland cement the compression strength at 3 and 7 days


curing shall not be less than 16MPa and 22MPa, respectively.
CONCRETE

TYPES OF CEMENT:

Special purpose cements are manufactures for the specific


performance requirements:

OPC –base cement:


Rapid hardening Portland cement
Low-heat Portland cement.
sulphate resisting cement.
water proof Portland cement.
White Portland cement.
Expansive cement

Non-OPC cement:
High-alumina Cement
Magnesium Phosphate Cement
CONCRETE

AGGREGATES:

Aggregates are inert granular materials such as sand, gravel, or


crushed stone that, along with water and Portland cement, are an
essential ingredient in concrete.

For a good concrete mix, aggregates need to be clean, hard, strong


particles free of absorbed chemicals or coatings of clay and other fine
materials that could cause the deterioration of concrete.

Aggregates, which account for 60 to 75 percent of the total volume of


concrete
CONCRETE

CLASSIFICATION OF AGGREGATES:
Classification of the aggregates is generally based on
Geological origin
Size
Shape , weight ,etc…

1.Geological Origin:
The aggregates are usually derived from natural sources and
may have been naturally reduced to size or may have to be
reduced by crushing.

a) Natural aggregates:
• These are natural deposits of sand and gravel. The ricer
deposits are the most common and are of good quality.
• Other sources are quarried rock which is reduced to size by
crushing.

b) Artificial aggregates:
commonly used are clean broken bricks and air cooled fresh
blast-furnace slag.
CONCRETE

b) Artificial aggregates:

Broken bricks of good quality provide a satisfactory aggregate


for mass concrete and are not suitable for reinforced concrete
work.

The blast furnace –slag is the byproduct obtained simultaneously


with pig iron in the blast furnace, which is cooled slowly in air.

slag produces concert which is similar to concrete produced


using gravel aggregates. But corrodes steel du to sulphur content.

concrete produced with blast furnace slag aggregate has good


fire resisting qualities.
CONCRETE

CLASSIFICATION OF AGGREGATES:

2 Based on size :
a) Fine aggregate
b) coarse aggregate

Fine aggregate:
Particles of fine aggregates pass through 4.75mm(No.4) sieve .

Most commonly used fine aggregates are sand, crushed stone,


ash or cinder and surki.
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CLASSIFICATION OF AGGREGATES:

2 Based on size :
a) Fine aggregate
b) coarse aggregate

Coarse aggregate:
Coarse aggregates are retained on 4.75mm(#4) sieve.

Aggregates the size of whose particle is bigger than 4.75 mm but smaller
than 7.5 mm are known as coarse aggregates.
CONCRETE

CLASSIFICATION OF AGGREGATES:

3. Based on shape :

Rounded aggregates

Irregular or partly rounded aggregates

Angular aggregates

Flaky and elongated aggregates.


CONCRETE

CLASSIFICATION OF AGGREGATES:

3. Based on shape :

Rounded aggregate

The rounded aggregates are completely shaped by attrition and


available in the form of seashore gravel.

Rounded aggregates result the minimum percentage of voids (32 – 33%)


hence gives more workability.

They require lesser amount of


water-cement ratio.

They are not considered


for high strength concrete
because of poor interlocking
behavior and weak bond
strength.
CONCRETE

CLASSIFICATION OF AGGREGATES:

3. Based on shape :

Irregular aggregates

The irregular or partly rounded aggregates are partly shaped by


attrition and these are available in the form of pit sands and gravel.
Irregular aggregates may result 35- 37% of voids.

These will give lesser workability when compared to rounded


aggregates.

The bond strength is slightly higher


than rounded aggregates but not
as required for high strength concrete.
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CLASSIFICATION OF AGGREGATES:

3. Based on shape :
Angular aggregates

The angular aggregates consist well defined edges formed at the


intersection of roughly planar surfaces and these are obtained by
crushing the rocks.

Angular aggregates result maximum percentage of voids (38-45%)


hence gives less workability.

They give 10-20% more compressive strength due to development of


stronger aggregate-mortar bond.

These are useful in


high strength concrete
manufacturing
CONCRETE

CLASSIFICATION OF AGGREGATES:

3. Based on shape :
Flaky and elongated aggregates

When the aggregate length is larger than its width and width is larger than
its thickness then it is said to be flaky and elongated aggregates.

These are generally obtained from the poorly crushed rocks.


CONCRETE

CLASSIFICATION OF AGGREGATES:

4. Based on weight :

a)ultra-lightweight
Can be sawed or nailed, also used for its insulating properties
(250 to 1450 kg/m3).

Ex: vermiculite, ceramic, diatomite, pumice, scoria, perlite,


CONCRETE

a)ultra-lightweight

Vermiculite

Perlite Pumice Scoria Diatomite 30


CONCRETE

CLASSIFICATION OF AGGREGATES:

4. Based on weight :

b) Lightweight
Used primarily for making lightweight concrete for structures, also
used for its insulating properties (1350 to 1850 kg/m3).

Ex: expanded clay, shale or slate, crushed brick


CONCRETE

b) Lightweight

Expanded clay Expanded shale

Crushed Brick
CONCRETE

CLASSIFICATION OF AGGREGATES:

4. Based on weight :

c) Normal weight
Used for normal concrete projects

Ex: crushed limestone, sand, river gravel, crushed recycled


concrete

River gravel Crushed Limestone Crushed Concrete


CONCRETE

WATER:

Water is the most important and least expensive ingredient of concrete.

A part of the mixing water is utilized in the hydration of cement and


remaining water serves as a lubricant between the fine and coarse
Aggregates and makes concrete workable.

Cement requires about 3/10th of its weight of water for hydration.


Hence minimum water cement ratio required is 0.30.

Too much of water reduces the strength of concrete.


CONCRETE

WATER:

If too much of water is added to concrete, the excess water along with
Cement comes to the surface by capillary action

This cement water mixture forms a scum or thin layer of chalky material
Known as laitance.

This laitance prevents


bond formation between
successive layers of
Concrete.
CONCRETE

Effect of impurities in water:

Water contain excess amount of dissolved salts reduces compressive


strenght
By 10 to 30 percent of that obtained using potable water.

Water containing large chlorides causes dampness, efflorescence and


Increases the corrosion of the reinforced concrete.

Inorganic salts – like zinc, copper and lead causes reduction in strength
of concrete.
presence of calcium chloride accelerates setting &
hardening.

Acid and alkalis - Use of acid waters with pH values less than 3.0 should be
avoided.

Organic acids, such as tannic acid can have significant


effect on strength at higher concentrations.
CONCRETE

Effect of impurities in water:

Algae - presence of algae I water reduces the bonding between


aggregates and cement paste.

- algae entrains large quantities of air in concrete and thus lowering


the strength of concrete.
CONCRETE

Effect of impurities in water:

Industrial Wastewaters

Industrial wastewaters may be used as mixing water in concrete as


long as they only cause a very small reduction in compressive
strength, generally not greater than 10 % to 15 %.

Wastewaters from paint factories, coke plants, and chemical and


galvanizing plants may contain harmful impurities. Thus such
wastewaters should not be used as mixing water without testing.
CONCRETE

Admixtures are those ingredients in concrete other than portland cement,


water, and aggregates that are added to the mixture immediately
before or during mixing .

Admixtures can be classified by function as follows:

1. Air-entraining admixtures
2. Water-reducing admixtures
3. Plasticizers
4. Accelerating admixtures
5. Retarding admixtures
6. Hydration-control admixtures
7. Corrosion inhibitors
8. Shrinkage reducers
9. Alkali-silica reactivity inhibitors
10. Coloring admixtures
11. Miscellaneous admixtures such as workability, bonding,
damp proofing, permeability reducing, grouting,
gas-forming, antiwashout, foaming, and pumping admixtures
CONCRETE

Functions of admixtures to modify fresh concrete properties:

1. To increase workability without increasing water content or to


decrease the water content at the same workability.

2. To retard or accelerate both initial and final setting times.

3. To modify the rate or capacity for bleeding or both.

4. To reduce segregation of concrete, mortars and grouts.

5. To improve penetration and or pumpability of concrete, mortars


and grouts.
CONCRETE

PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE:

1. BATCHING,
2. MIXING,
3. TRANSPORTATION ,
4. COMPACTION –PLACING AND
5. CURING
CONCRETE

PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE:

1. BATCHING

Batching is theprocess of measuring concrete mix inredients by


either mass or volume and introducing them into the mixer.

To produce concrete of uniform quality the ingredients must be


measured accurately for each batch.

Volume batching:
adopted for small jobs
gauge box are used for measure fine and coarse
aggregates.

Weight batching:
more preferable as it is more accurate.
does not have uncertainties associated with bulking
CONCRETE
CONCRETE

PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE:

2. MIXING

Mixing should ensure that mass becomes homogeneous, uniform in


color and consistency.

Manual ( hand and shovels)

Stationary mixers:
tilting type
Non tilting type

Ready mix concrete:


mixed off site and delivered to the construction site.
Central mixed concrete
Truck mixed concrete
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CONCRETE

PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE:

3. Transportation

Concrete has to be placed before setting has commenced.

During transport no segregation or separation od materials in


concrete should be ensured.

Methods:

Mortar pans – used for small quantities.

Wheelbarrows and buggies – on site concrete construction.

Pumps- Conveying concrete from central discharge point to


formwork

Transit Mixer – used for transporting the concrete over long


distance particularly in RMC plant.
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CONCRETE

PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE:

4. Compaction of concrete:

It is the process adopted for expelling the entrapped air from the
concrete.

During mixing, transporting and placing of concrete , air is likely to


get entrapped in the concrete.

Methods:

Hand compaction

Compaction by vibration.
CONCRETE

PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE:

5. CURING:

Supply additional water with:


 Ponding or immersion
 Spraying or fogging
 Saturated wet coverings.
CONCRETE

PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE:

5. CURING:
CONCRETE

SPECIAL CONCRETES

LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE

HIGH DENSITY CONCRETE

FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE

POLYMER CONCRETE
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Special types of concrete are those with out-of-the-ordinary


properties or those produced by different techniques.

Special types of concrete

Made with Portland cement & special aggregates

Binders other than Portland cement & aggregates


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LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
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1.LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
Structural lightweight concrete is similar to normal-weight concrete except that it has
a lower density.

It is made with lightweight aggregates or with a combination of lightweight and


normal-weight aggregates.

DENSITY

lightweight concrete has an air-dry density in the range of 1350 to 1850 kg/m3 and a 28-
day compressive strength in excess of 17 Mpa

Normal-weight concrete containing regular sand, gravel, or crushed stone has a dry
density in the range of 2080 to 2480 kg/m3(C.S = 50 Mpa)

APPLICATION

Structural lightweight concrete is used primarily to reduce the dead-load weight


in concrete members, such as floors in high-rise buildings.
CONCRETE

Lightweight Aggregates

Structural lightweight aggregates are usually classified according to their production process
because various processes produce aggregates with somewhat different properties.

Processed structural lightweight aggregates which includes:

• Rotary kiln expanded clays , shales, and slates


• Sintering grate expanded shales and slates
• Pelletized or extruded fly ash
• Expanded slags

Structural lightweight aggregates can also be produced by processing other types of material,
such as naturally occurring pumice and scoria.

Structural lightweight aggregates have densities significantly lower than normal-weight


aggregates, ranging from 560 to 1120 kg/m3 , compared to 1200 to 1760 kg/m3 for normal-
weight aggregates.

These aggregates may absorb 5% to 20% water by weight of dry material.

To control the uniformity of structural lightweight concrete mixtures, the aggregates are
prewetted (but not saturated) prior to batching.
CONCRETE
Entrained Air

• As with normal-weight concrete, entrained air in structural lightweight concrete ensures


resistance to freezing and thawing and to deicer applications.

• It also improves workability educes bleeding and segregation, and may compensate for
minor grading deficiencies in the aggregate.

• The amount of entrained air should be sufficient to provide good workability to the plastic
concrete and adequate freeze-thaw resistance to the hardened concrete.

• Air contents are generally between 5% and 8%, depending on the maximum size of coarse
aggregate (paste content) used and the exposure conditions.

Mixing

• Mixing procedures for structural lightweight concrete are similar to those for normal-
density concrete; however, some of the more absorptive aggregates may require
prewetting before use.

• Water added at the batching plant should be sufficient to produce the specified slump
at the jobsite.

• Measured slump at the batch plant will generally be appreciably higher than the slump
at the site. Pumping can especially aggravate slump loss.
CONCRETE

Workability and Finishability

• Structural lightweight concrete mixtures can be proportioned to have the same


workability, finish ability, and general appearance as a properly proportioned normal
density concrete mixture.

• Sufficient cement paste must be present to coat each particle, and coarse-
aggregate particles should not separate from the mortar. Enough fine aggregate is
needed to keep the freshly mixed concrete cohesive.

• If aggregate is deficient in minus 600 μm, finishability may be improved by using a


portion of natural sand, by increasing cement content, or by using satisfactory mineral
fines.

Slump

• Due to lower aggregate density, structural lightweight concrete does not slump as
much as normal-weight concrete with the same workability.

• A lightweight air-entrained mixture with a slump of 50 to 75 mm (2 to 3 in.) can be


placed under conditions that would require a slump of 75 to 125 mm (3 to 5 in.) for
normal-weight concrete.

• With higher slumps, the large aggregate particles tend to float to the surface, making
finishing difficult.
CONCRETE
Vibration
• As with normal-weight concrete, vibration can be used effectively to consolidate
lightweight concrete; the same frequencies commonly used for normal-density
concrete are recommended.

• The length of time for proper consolidation varies, depending on mix characteristics.

• Excessive vibration causes segregation by forcing large aggregate particles to the


surface.
Placing, Finishing, and Curing

• Structural lightweight concrete is generally easier to handle and place than normal-weight
concrete. A slump of 50 to 100 mm (2 to 4 in.) produces the best results for finishing.

• Greater slumps may cause segregation, delay finishing operations, and result in rough, uneven
surfaces.

• Adjustments to the mixture may be necessary; pumping pressure causes the aggregate to
absorb more water, thus reducing the slump and increasing the density of the concrete.

• Finishing operations should be started earlier than for comparable normal-weight concrete, but
finishing too early may be harmful.

• The two methods commonly used in the field are water curing (ponding, sprinkling, or using wet
coverings) and preventing loss of moisture from the exposed surfaces (covering with
waterproof paper, plastic sheets, or sealing with liquid membrane-forming compounds).

• Generally,7 days of curing are adequate for ambient air temperatures above 10°C (50°F).
CONCRETE

HIGH DENSITY CONCRETE


CONCRETE

2. HIGH DENSITY CONCRETE

High density concrete is similar to normal-weight concrete , but has a higher


density due to the presence of high density aggregates.

DENSITY
High-density (heavyweight) concrete and has a density of up to about 6400
kg/m3 .

APPLICATIONS

• Heavyweight concrete is used principally for radiation shielding but is also used for
counterweights and other applications where high-density is important.

• As a shielding material, against the harmful effects of X-rays, gamma rays, and
neutron radiation.

• Selection of concrete for radiation shielding is based on space requirements and on


the type and intensity of radiation.

• Where space requirements are not important, ---normal-weight concrete --the most
economical where space is limited, heavyweight concrete will allow for reductions in
shield thickness without sacrificing shielding effectiveness.
CONCRETE

Type and intensity of radiation usually determine the requirements for density and water
content of shielding concrete.

Ex: Concrete shield against gamma rays is approximately proportional to the


density of the concrete; the heavier the concrete, the more effective the shield.

• Effective shield against neutron radiation requires both heavy and light elements.

• The hydrogen in water provides an effective light element in concrete shields.

• Some aggregates contain crystallized water, called fixed water, as part of their structure.
For this reason, heavyweight aggregates with high fixed-water contents often are used if
both gamma rays and neutron radiation are to be attenuated.

• Boron glass (boron frit) is also added to attenuate neutrons.


CONCRETE

High-Density Aggregates

• High-density aggregates such as barite, ferrophosphorus, goethite, hematite, ilmenite,


limonite, magnetite, and decreased steel punchings and shot are used to produce
high-density concrete.

• Where high fixed-water content is desirable, serpentine (which is slightly heavier than
• normal-weight aggregate) or bauxite can be used

• Steel punchings and shot are used where concrete with a density of more than 4800
kg/m3 is required. In general, selection of an aggregate is determined by physical
properties, availability, and cost.

• Heavyweight aggregates should be reasonably free of fine material, oil, and foreign
substances that may affect either the bond of paste to aggregate particle or the
hydration of cement.

• For good workability, maximum density, and economy, aggregates should be roughly
cubical in shape and free of excessive flat or elongated particles.
CONCRETE
Additions

• Boron additions such as colemanite, boron frits, and boro-calcite are sometimes used
to improve the neutron shielding properties of concrete.

• However, they may adversely affect setting and early strength of concrete; therefore,
trial mixes should be made with the addition under field conditions to determine
suitability.

• Admixtures such as pressure-hydrated lime can be used with coarse-sand sizes to


minimize any retarding effect.

Properties of High-Density Concrete


CONCRETE

FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE


CONCRETE

Small, closely spaced + uniformly dispersed fibres = crack arrester. (Improves


dynamic properties)

Firbre reinforced concrete = a composite material consisting of mixture of


cement, mortar or concrete and discrete, uniformly dispersed suitable firbres.

Firbre – can be circular or flat –described by “aspect ratio”.


Aspect ratio= ratio of its length to its diameter.( typical ratio range = 30 to 150)

STEEL FIBRES

POLYPROPYLENE AND NYLONS

ASBESTOS AND COIR

GLASS

CARBON
CONCRETE

Steel fibre:
• Commonly used fibre, normally rounded ones, (diameter varies from 0.25 to 0.75).
• Can get rusted and there may be some lose of strength.(rusting occurs at the
surfaces)
• Improves flexural , impact and fatigue strength of concrete and
• used mainly in roads, airfield pavements

Polypropylene and Nylons:

• High tensile strength


• But modulus of elasticity and higher elongation do not contribute flexural strength.

Asbestos and coir:


• Can be mixed with Portland cement.
• Tensile strength of asbestos varies between 560 to 980 N/mm2
• Composite of cement + asbestos= asbestos cement has high flexural strength
than Portland cement.
• Organic fibres like coir, jute, cane splits can be used.
CONCRETE

Glass:
• Recently used, high tensile strength (1020 to 4080 N/mm2.)
• Glass fibres effected by alkaline conditions of cement
• Hence, alkali resistant glass fibre has been developed and used.(more
durable).

Carbon:
• Very high tensile strength of 2110 to 2815 N/mm2.
• Cement composite of carbon fibre – high modulus of elasticity and flexural
strength.
• Limited study has be done. Suitable for structure like cladding, panels.
CONCRETE

Applications:

• Advantage of static and dynamic strength, hence increasingly used.

• Uniformly dispersed fibres – isotropic properties, but not seen in


conventionally reinforced concrete.

• Used in air fields, industrial floorings, bridge decks, explosive resistant


structures.

• Used in prefabrication of precast products like pipes, stair case pipes,


roof panels, manhole covers etc..
CONCRETE

Polymerized concrete are developed in following type:

1. Polymer impregnated concrete (PIC)

2. Polymer cement concrete (PCC)

3. Polymer concrete

4. Partially impregnated and surface coated polymer concrete.


CONCRETE

Polymer impregnated concrete:

Precast conventional concrete, cured and dried in oven, or by dielectric heating


from
which the air in the open cell is removed.

Then a low viscosity monomer is diffused through the open cell and polymerized
by
using radiation, application of heat or by chemical initiation.

Types of monomers used:

• Methyl methacrylate (MMA)


• Styrene
• Acrylonitrile
• T-butyl styrene
CONCRETE

Polymer cement concrete:

Polymer cement concrete is made by mixing cement, aggregate, water and


monomer. such plastic mixture is caste in mould, cured, dried and polymerized.

The monomers that are used in PCC are:


• Polyster-styrene
• Epoxy-styrene
• Furans
• Vinylidene chloride

This type of concrete production has modest improvement in strength and durability.

This is because the organic materials (monomers) are incompatible with aqueous system
and sometimes interfere with the alkaline cement hydration process.

Hence recently furfuryl alcohol and aniline hydrochloride are incorporated in wet mix.
CONCRETE

Polymer concrete (PC):

These have the aggregate bound with a polymer binder instead of Portland cement.

The main technique of this concrete is to minimize void volume in the aggregate mass
so as to reduce the quantity of polymer needed for binding the aggregates.

This is achieved by properly grading and mixing the aggregates to attain the maximum
density and minimum void volume. The graded aggregates are prepacked and
vibrated in mould.

Monomer is then diffused up through the aggregates and polymerization is initiated


by radiation or chemical means.

A Silane coupling agent is added to the monomer to improve the bond strength
between the polymer and the aggregate.
In case polyester resins are used no polymerization is required.

Advantage:
Prevents formation of internal voids, on curing. Hence avoiding water trapping in voids.
Resistant to chemical attacks
CONCRETE

Partially impregnated and surface coated concrete:

Partial impregnation may be sufficient in situations where major requirement is


surface
resistance against chemical and mechanical attack.

The partially impregnated concrete could be produced by initially soaking the


dried specimen in liquid monomer like methyl methacrylate, then sealing them by
keeping them under hot water at 70Cto prevent or minimize loss due to
evaporation.

The polymerization can be done by using thermal catalytic method in which three
percent by weight of benzoyl peroxide is added to the monomer as catalyst.

Surface coated concrete can be achieved by ponding the monomer on the


concrete surface.

Evaporation of monomer should be prevented when ponded on concrete


surface.

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