INDIA-PAKISTAN

WAR
 ACT OF THE PARLIAMENT OF THE UNITED KINGDOM THAT PARTITIONED
BRITISH INDIA INTO THE TWO NEW INDEPENDENT DOMINIONS.
 MOUNTBATTEN
PLAN

•
REPUBLIC OF
INDIA
ISL AMIC REPUBLIC OF
PAKISTAN
 there was large-scale violence,
with estimates of loss of life
accompanying or preceding the
partition disputed and varying
between several hundred
thousand and two million.

The partition displaced between

10–12 million people along
religious lines, creating
overwhelming refugee crises in
the newly constituted dominions
TWO NATION
THEORY
 TWO NATION THEORY

• ITSTATES THAT MUSLIMS AND HINDUS

ARE TWO SEPARATE NATIONS BY EVERY
DEFINITION.

• AWAKENING OF MUSLIMS FOR THE

CREATION OF PAKISTAN

• ITIS ALSO A SOURCE OF INSPIRATION TO

SEVERAL HINDU NATIONALIST
ORGANIZATIONS, WITH CAUSES AS VARIED
AS THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A LEGALLY
HINDU STATE IN INDIA.
MUHAMMAD ALI JINNAH
 VARYING INTERPRETATION
WHETHER THE TWO (RELIGION) CAN COEXIST IN ONE
TERRITORY?

WITHOUT TRANSFER OF TRANSFER OF

POPULATION POPULATION

HINDUS AND MUSLIMS WOULD CONTINUE TO COMPLETE SEPARATION OF TWO

LIVE TOGETHER. INCOMPATIBLE NATIONS.
 LEVEL 1: INDIVIDUAL

Nationalistic fervor Nehru was a strong

That had been believer in maintaining
promoted by Nehru India’s national unity
Opposing opinions of its
and Jinnah as well as through the
leaders.
Singh’s reluctance to centralization of power
accede to either and creating a socialist
country. planned economy.
 LEVEL 2:STATE

Both India and

Pakistan were Mismanagement and
dominated by a Frustration within the lack of coordination
Nationalist fervor. Muslim community and between both parties
the fear of living a as well as the British
The INC heavily admin. Was what led to
focused on the Hindu majority state,
led to the formation of bloody outcome of the
concept of a state partition of India in
based on secularism the All-INDIA Muslim
League in 1906. 1947.
and Inter-sectarian
harmony between
religions.
 LEVEL 3:INTERNATIONAL

British mismanagement of the

independence process led to the
Due to the Europe’s enormous
European colonial empires where emergence of a ‘Conflict
loss of life and infrastructure,
competing for hegemony, to a Formation’ system in South Asia
the continent was in such a
bipolar system, in which the in which patterns of security
financial ruin that it was
conflict over world supremacy interdependence became
unable to rebuild itself, let
became between the USA and the shaped by the fear of war and
alone manage their extensive
USSR. the expectation of the use of
imperial holdings overseas.
violence in political relations
(Nye and Welch 2009).
 KARGIL WAR OF 1999
LEVEL 1:INDIVIDUAL
Indian Prime Minister
Vajpayee’s nuclear tests as well
as the military’s influence of the
government in Pakistan and Its
Hawkish views toward India and
Pakistan.
Only Musharraf and Three
other generals had
knowledge about the
Offensive plan against India
(AKA Kargil plan) and only
they ordered for its execution.
 KARGIL WAR OF 1999
LEVEL 2: STATE

India and Pakistan

The tests officially
military power
initiated the nuclear
expanded as their
race between India
respective nuclear
and Pakistan.
capacities grew.
 KARGIL WAR OF 1999
LEVEL 3: INTERNATIONAL
India had maintained strong
relations with the USSR
while Pakistan became a
strong and essential ally to
the US.
‘Security Regime’ system
in which patterns of
security interdependence
Pakistan’s military truly were still shaped by fear
believed that it would of war and expectation of
benefit in the new the use of violence in
international system political relations but
where patterns of those fears and
interaction will, more or expectations remained
less, become dictated by restrained by an agreed
the US. set of rules as well as
expectations that those
rules will be observed
(Nye and Welch 2009).
 1947 IND0-
PAKISTANI WAR
- Ended in a cease fire, both
countries agreed to negotiate
and settle the dispute.

- Prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru

offered Pakistan a no war
declaration, Pakistan's Prime
Minister Liaquat Ali khan
accepted the offer provided
that there was a timetable for
settling all outstanding disputes
through negotiation and
arbitration.
 1965 IND0-
PAKISTANI WAR

- Lasted only for 17 days

- Both India and Pakistan looked

for arbitration which was
provided by the Soviet Union
and led to the signing of an
agreement called the Tashkent
Declaration.
 1971 IND0-
PAKISTANI WAR

- Only war that has not ben

about Kashmir

- Both parties agreed to settle

differences peacefully
 CORRELATES OF WAR

C = Population INDIA PAKISTAN

I. Total 1,370,591,397 5 217,889,967 3
population
II. Active Military 1,443,921 5 653,000 4
Personnel
III. Reserve 2,096,000 5 513,000 3
Forces
TOTAL 15 11

War Capability Value System

Pp = (C+E+M) x (S+W)
Pp = Perceived Power Projection
C = Population
E = Economic Capability
M = Military Capability
S = Strategy
W = Will
E = Economic INDIA PAKISTAN
Capability
I. Roads and Railway 95% (3) 61% (2)

II. Military Industries 12 (3) 8 (2)

III. Defense Budget 66,500,000,000 (3) 11,400,000,000 (2)

IV. Manufacturing 23 (3) 24 (3)

Industries
V. Work Force 509,945,440 (3) 73,917,020 (2)

TOTAL 15 11
 INDIA PAKISTAN
M = Military (15)
I. Utility and Armored Vehicles 112,909 (3) 16,118 (3)
II. Aircrafts and Helicopters 1,674 (3) 1,154 (3)
III. Naval Ships 142 (3) 42 (3)
IV. Specialized Forces 4 (2) 8 (3)
V. Nuclear Arsenal (3) (3) (3)
Total 14 15

INDIA PAKISTAN
S = Strategy
I. Military Bases 59 (2) 69 (2)
II. Air Bases (indl. Intl. Airports) 75 (1) 20 (1)
III. Naval Yard 25 (2) 40 (2)
IV. State Threats 2 (2) 5 (2)
V. Alliances and Treaties part of 9 (2) 16 (2)
Total 9 9
 INDIA PAKISTAN
W = Will
I. Total of A.II, A.III, & B.V 513,485,361 (5) 75,083,020 (5)
II. Percentage of Trust to Gov’t 78% (3) 43.4% (2)
III. Literacy Rate 74.04% (2) 58% (2)
Total 10 9

Pp = (15+15+14) x (9+10) Pp = (11+11+15) x (9+9)

PP = 666
PP = 836
REGIONAL POWER
SUPER POWER