What is communication?

Communication is the act or process of using

words, sounds, signs, or behaviours to express or
exchange information or to express your ideas,
thoughts, feelings, etc., to someone else.
 The Elements of Communication Process

The Speaker

 Attitude
 Knowledge Level
 Socio-cultural System

The Message

- what the speaker communicates to his listener.

- tone of voice, physical appearance, bodily action, facial expression,
and eye contact
The Channel

- the means by which a message communicated.

The Feedback

Listening

a. Appreciative Listening
- simple action-reaction communication

b. Discriminatory Listening
- requires understanding and remembering the integral parts of the
message.
 - provides feedback, ask questions, rephrase ideas and give nonverbal
indication of agreement, inability to understand, or confusion.

c. Evaluative Listening

- requires (you) to separate fact from opinion, to see the weakness in

a speaker’s reasoning, and to judge the soundness of evidence presented.

- critical listening and critical thinking work hand-in-hand.

 The Types of Communication
1. Verbal Communication
Verbal communication seems like the most obvious of the
different types of communication. It utilizes the spoken word, either
face-to-face or remotely.

Verbal communication is essential to most interactions, but

there are other nonverbal cues that help provide additional context to
the words themselves. Pairing nonverbal communication with the
spoken word provides a more nuanced message.
2. Non Verbal Communication

Nonverbal communication provides some insight into a

speaker’s word choice. Sarcasm, complacency, deception or
genuineness occur within nonverbal communication. These things are
often communicated through facial expressions, hand gestures, posture
and even appearance, all of which can convey something about the
speaker.
3. Visual Communication

Visual types of communication include signs, maps or drawings

as well as color or graphic design. These typically reinforce verbal
communication, and they help to make a point. Visual aids can help a
speaker remember important topics, give the audience something to
look at, and generally help convey the message being presented.
 BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION
What is a barrier?

A barrier is anything that hinders the process of communication. It

is also defined as the aspects or conditions that interfere with
effective exchange of ideas or thoughts.
Physiological Barrier – these are barriers related with the
limitations of the human body and the human mind (memory,
attention, and perception). Physiological barriers may result from
individuals’ personal discomfort, caused by ill-health, poor eye
sight, or hearing difficulties.

Psychological Barrier - factors such as misperception, filtering,

distrust, unhappy emotions, and people's state of mind can
jeopardize the process of communication.
Social Barriers - social barriers to communication
include the social psychological phenomenon of
conformity, a process in which the norms, values, and
behaviors of an individual begin to follow those of the
wider group. Social factors such as age, gender,
socioeconomic status, and marital status may act as a
barrier to communication in certain situations.
Emotions - the emotional state of a person at a particular point of
time affects his/her communication with others as it has an impact
on the body language (nonverbal communication).

Physical and Environmental Distractions – Physical distractions are

the physical things that get the in the way of communication.
Examples of such include the telephone, an uncomfortable
meeting place, and noise. Distractions such as background noise,
poor lighting, uncomfortable sitting, unhygienic room, or an
environment that is too hot or cold can affect people's morale and
concentration, which in turn interfere with effective
communication.
 The
Principles

of
Communication
1. COMPLETENESS – the message must contain all facts needed
for desired reaction to avoid guessing, misunderstanding and
delayed actions.

2. CLARITY – there should be clarity in terms of thought and

expression. Clarity means getting your message across so the
receiver will understand what you are trying to convey, thus,
allowing the person to interpret your words with the same
meaning you have in mind.
3. CONCISENESS – the message must be to the point and all
unnecessary words must be eliminated. In communicating, you
should be brief and be able to say whatever you have to say in
the fewest possible words without sacrificing the other C
qualities.

4. CORRECTNESS – All facts, words, language, and information of

the message must be accurate. To convey correct messages,
grammatical errors should also be avoided and should not
transmit any message unless you are sure of its correctness.
5. CONSIDERATION - one must understand the emotions and
sentiments of the receiver. Consideration also means that you
prepare every message with the recipient in mind and try to
put yourself in his or her place.

6. COURTESY – In showing courtesy, one must communicate

in a friendly and polite manner. Courtesy is not merely
politeness with mechanical insertions of “please’s” and
“thank-you’s
7. CONCRETENESS – the message to be
communicated must be specific and not vague.
Communicating concretely means being specific,
definite, and vivid rather than vague and general.
 When a factory supervisor instructs workers to
produce, he must specify the exact size, shape, quality
and cost of the product. Any assumptions behind the
messages should also be clarified.

While answering a letter, all questions raised in

the letter must be replied. What principle is observed
in this situation?

Answer: COMPLETENESS
 Teacher A is discussing the topic related to
acceleration. The teacher shows an image showing
how a car moves from one distance to another. Then,
teacher A explains how the formula works and what
numbers should be written in each variable. Later, the
students were able to come up with the same answer
as the teacher.
What principle of communication is shown in
the following situation?

Answer: CLARITY
 Arthur, who is a businessman, is invited as a
resource speaker in a tertiary school. As he prepares
his presentation, he notices that most words are
highly technical and are commonly business jargons.
In order to make his topic more comprehensive, he
expounded the terms in simpler terms and in shorter
ways.

What principle of communication is shown by Arthur?

Answer: CONCISENESS
 A news reporter is broadcasting live. He is giving an
update on the case of the casualties and deaths of the super
typhoon Yolanda. As he reports, he mistakenly said the
number of deaths but pushes through his report. Later, he
received feedbacks from netizens regarding the incorrect
information he broadcasted.
During his next broadcast, he clarified his mistake and
made sure that the new data he gathered are all accurate.
What principle of communication is practiced by the
reporter?

Answer: CORRECTNESS
 Allan is assigned to give an orientation to families in a
local barangay. Upon knowing the setting and audience, he
immediately changed his presentation in a layman’s term and
simplified his presentation and presented each information with
supporting details to make it more comprehensive.

What principle is observed by Allan in this situation?

Answer: CONSIDERATION
 Cheek kissing is a practice to indicate friendship in
Turkish culture. It is considered appropriate among family
members as well as friends and acquaintances: a man and a
woman, two women, or two men.

What principle of communication is observed in this

situation?

Answer: COURTESY
 Student A is assigned to give a synopsis of the Prince and
the Pauper. In his synopsis, the teacher noticed that he was able
to use indirect speech. He used paraphrasing, and avoided
quoted statements.

What principle of communication is elicited by

student A?

Answer: CONCRETENESS