CHAPTER II - SOCIAL

INTERACTION
 SOCIAL INTERACTION
• Refers to the process by which people act and
react in relation to others. In this manner,
language, gestures and symbols. Interaction is
a daily activity of people. This happens because
almost all human behavior is oriented toward
other people since they are constantly aware
that their actions and reactions have effects
upon others.
FRAMEWORKS USE
IN SCIAL
INTERACTION
 1. Defining the Situation
to a large extent, a behavior is determined not
only by our status but also by the definition of
the situation, a stage of deliberation and
examination during which we define and
interpret the social context in which we find
ourselves, assess our interest, and select
specific attitudes or behaviors accordingly (
Thomas, as cited by Hess et al. 1992 ).
 2. The Presentation of the Self
Sociologist Erving Goffman emphasized
the social ploys all of us are using but we
seldom admit. All of us have an image of
how we want to be seen by other people.
 3. Negotiated Order

people can reconstruct social reality

through a process of internal changes as
they take a different view of everyday
behavior.
TYPES OF SOCIAL
INTERACTION
1. Cooperation – this refers to collaborative efforts between
people to achieve a common goal. Often, it takes place when two
or more produce a desired end more efficiently and effectively.
2. Conflict - theorist stress that conflict is significant in social life. It
involves direct struggle between individuals or groups over
commonly valued resources or goals.
3. Competition – it is a form of conflict in which there is agreement
on the means that can be used to pursue an end.
4. Negotiation – at times, people may negotiate the term under
which they agree to social exchange, social cooperation, or
competition.
5. Coercion – appears to be one-sided, one imposing an action or
behavior on another. However, every act of coercion is at least
partially determined by the expected reaction to it.
ELEMENTS IN
SOCIAL
INTERACTION
1.Statuses – Ordinarily, the term status
means prestige. However, in sociology, status
refers particularly to a positioning social
structure; any position that determines where
a person fits within the society ( light et al.
1989 ).
2. Roles – refers to the collection of culturally
defined rights, obligations, and expectations
that accompany a status in the social system.
 TYPES OF ROLES
1. Role Strain – The problems of individuals in meetings or fulfilling their roles.
It refers to the incompatibility among the roles corresponding to the single
status.
2. Role Conflict - Occurs when the carrying out of one role automatically
results in the violation of another.
3. Role Exit – Is the process by which people disengage from social roles that
have been central to their lives.
4. Groups – is a natural context in which an individual finds authentic self-
expression. Group provides the context for socialization and it is the group
that an individual is socialized.
5. Institutions – is the fourth element of social interaction is traditionally
referred to as social institution in anthropology.
• Socialinstitutions have classified into five: family, education, religion,
economy, and government.
 SYMBOLIC INTERACTION
Mead and Morris (2009) postulated that approach to
social interaction reason two basic premises.

1. People act toward everything they encounter on the

basis of what those people activities, and situations
mean them.
2. People learn what things mean by observing how
other people respond to them through social interaction.
 SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION REALITY
1. Ethnomethodology – this is a specialized approach within
the symbolic interaction paradigm. It was taken from the
Greek Ethno, which means understanding of cultural
surroundings that people share and Methodology which
designate a system of methods or principles.
Ethnomethodology- refers to the study of the everyday,
common sense understanding that people have of the world
around them.
2. Network – it refers to the web of relationships that
connects an individual to many other people both directly and
indirectly. It is familiar part of one’s everyday life.
 Influences on Social Interaction
1-2. Goal & Motivation – Goal is the state of affairs one
wishes to achieve. For example, one drinks to satisfy
his/her thirst. On the other hand motivation is a person’s
wish or intention to achieve a goal.
3. Situation or Context – situation where the social
interaction takes place makes a difference in what it
means. Context refers to the conditions under which an
action takes place.
4. Norms or Rules – are specific rules of behavior that
are agreed upon and shared, and prescribe limits of
acceptable behavior
 Forms of social Interaction
1. Non-verbal Behavior – people may communicate with one another
through non-verbal behavior by using body language, the study of which
is known as kinesics which attempts to examine how such gestures as
slight head nod, yawn and other bodily movements affect
communication.
2. Unfocused & Focused Interaction -Unfocused Interaction that takes
place simply because two or more people happen to be in each other’s
presence, While Focused Interaction is therefore a purposeful
interaction between individuals who have particular goals in mind.
3. Group – this refers to any number of people with similar norms,
values, and expectations who regularly and consciously interact. These
people feel a common identity and interact in a regular and structured
way.
 Institutions and Social Organizations

• Social Institutions – are therefore organized patterns of beliefs and

behavior centered on basic social needs. They are organized in response to
particular needs.
• Social Institution – refers to the relatively stable patterns of social
relationships among individuals and groups in society. These are based on
the system of the social roles.