Probability Continuous

Distribution of a Probability Dist.

Discrete Random and Normal
Variable Distribution

Sampling
Probability
Distribution
Distributionofof
the
Sample Means

Statistical Inferences and Testing Hypothesis

In conducting research,

Population
Sampling Error

Sampl
e

Convenience and Feasibility

Less costly and More Practical

 Sampling Distribution
The probability distribution of a statistic.
Illustrative example 1:
A population consists of five values (Php 2, Php 3, Php 4,
Php 5, Php 6). A sample size of 2 is to be taken from this
population.
a. How many samples are possible? List them and compute
the mean of each sample.
b. Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means.
c. Construct the histogram of the sampling distribution of
the sample means.
Illustrative example 2:
The following table gives the monthly salaries (in thousand
pesos) of six officers in a government office. Suppose that
random samples of size 4 are taken from this population of
six officers.
Officer Salary
Alex 8
Billy 12
Charles 16
Darwin 20
Elmer 24
Francis 28
a. How many samples are possible? List them and compute
the mean of each sample.
b. Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means.
c. Construct the histogram of the sampling distribution of
the sample means.
 Mean of Sampling
Distribution of the Means
The mean of the sampling distribution of the means can be found by
using the formulas for the mean of probability distribution.

Illustrative example 3:
A population consists of five values (Php 2, Php 3, Php 4,
Php 5, Php 6). A sample size of 2 is to be taken from this
population.
a. Compute the mean of the population μ.
b. Compute the mean of the sampling distribution of the
sample means μx.
c. Compare μ and μx.
Illustrative example 4:
The following table gives the monthly salaries (in thousand
pesos) of six officers in a government office. Suppose that
random samples of size 4 are taken from this population of
six officers.
Officer Salary
Alex 8
Billy 12
Charles 16
Darwin 20
Elmer 24
Francis 28
a. Compute the mean of the population μ.
b. Compute the mean of the sampling distribution of the
sample means μx.
c. Compare μ and μx.
 Variance of Sampling
Distribution of the Means
The variance of the sampling distribution of the means can be found
by using the formulas for the variance of probability distribution.

Illustrative example 5:
A population consists of five values (Php 2, Php 3, Php 4,
Php 5, Php 6). A sample size of 2 is to be taken from this
population.
a. Compute the variance σ2 and sd σ of the population.
b. Compute the variance σx2 and sd σx of the sampling
distribution of the sample means.
c. Compare σ and σx.
Illustrative example 6:
The following table gives the monthly salaries (in thousand
pesos) of six officers in a government office. Suppose that
random samples of size 4 are taken from this population of
six officers.
Officer Salary
Alex 8
Billy 12
Charles 16
Darwin 20
Elmer 24
Francis 28

a. Compute the variance σ2 and sd σ of the population.

b. Compute the variance σx2 and sd σx of the sampling
distribution of the sample means.
c. Compare σ and σx.
 CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM
If all possible samples of size n are drawn from a
population with mean μ and standard deviation σ,
and the sample mean x is calculated from each
sample; then, the frequency distribution of x has
the following properties:

1. Its mean is equal to the population mean, μx = μ.

2. Its standard deviation is equal to the standard

deviation of the population divided by the square
root of the sample size, s x = s . This is true for
n
infinite population.
For finite population, s x = s · N - n
n N -1
3. It will tend to have a normal distribution,
regardless of the shape of the population, as the
sample size n increases.
 CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM

It is important to remember two things when using the

central limit theorem:
1. When the original variable is normally distributed, the
distribution of the sample means will be normally
distributed, for any sample size n.
2. When the distribution of the original variable departs
from normality, a sample size of 30 or more is needed to
use the normal distribution to approximate the
distribution of the sample means. The larger the
sample, the better the approximation will be.
 Examples

1. The mean serum cholesterol of a large population of

overweight adults is 220 mg/dl and the standard
deviation of 16.3 mg/dl. If a sample of 30 adults is
selected, find the probability that the mean will be
between 220 and 222 mg/dl.
2. The average age of accountants is 43 years, with a
standard deviation of 5 years. If an accounting firm
employs 30 accountants, find the probability that the
average age of the group is greater than 44.2 years old.
 Examples

3. The scores of students in a diagnostic test in an

introductory course in statistics are normally distributed
with a mean of 60 points and a standard deviation of 4
points. A random sample of 25 students is selected.
a. Give the mean and standard error of the sampling
distribution of x.
b. What is the probability that the random sample of 25
students will have a mean score below 59 points?